{"id":1304,"date":"2022-03-09T10:39:03","date_gmt":"2022-03-09T10:39:03","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/allalignedhealing.com\/unisapsych\/?page_id=1304"},"modified":"2022-03-11T08:50:39","modified_gmt":"2022-03-11T08:50:39","slug":"pyc3702-assignment-1","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/allalignedhealing.com\/unisapsych\/pyc3702-assignment-1\/","title":{"rendered":"PYC3702 Assignment 1 Abnormal Psychology"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"0-introduction\"><br>Introduction<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/allalignedhealing.com\/unisapsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/abnormal.jpeg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1182\" width=\"619\" height=\"205\" srcset=\"https:\/\/allalignedhealing.com\/unisapsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/abnormal.jpeg 389w, https:\/\/allalignedhealing.com\/unisapsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/abnormal-300x99.jpeg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 619px) 100vw, 619px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-pullquote is-style-solid-color\"><blockquote><p>Identifying, classifying, and describing abnormal behaviour<\/p><cite>Unisa study Guide<\/cite><\/blockquote><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"1-free-resources-and-links\">Free resources and links<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-large-font-size wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/drive.google.com\/file\/d\/17JqHWBsmGZuTAdFpcOUE7WuXEZ9lIlzB\/view?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders _ DSM-5 ( PDFDrive ).pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-large-font-size wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/drive.google.com\/file\/d\/1AVSyqk0IwUkMA7UeFf2KD2ew_vcUF0ih\/view?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">E<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/drive.google.com\/file\/d\/13uyOgvubn4-lANRzoP1v18XSdLeACMnf\/view?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">ssentials of Understanding Abnormal Behavior 3rd Edition &#8211; PDF Room<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-large-font-size wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/drive.google.com\/file\/d\/1AVSyqk0IwUkMA7UeFf2KD2ew_vcUF0ih\/view?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">PYC3702-Abnormal-Behaviour-and-Mental-Health-Exams.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-ub-table-of-contents-block ub_table-of-contents\" id=\"ub_table-of-contents-26ab3628-4a2c-4fe7-9946-de950b60be69\" data-linktodivider=\"false\" data-showtext=\"show\" data-hidetext=\"hide\" data-scrolltype=\"auto\" data-enablesmoothscroll=\"false\" data-initiallyhideonmobile=\"false\" data-initiallyshow=\"true\"><div class=\"ub_table-of-contents-header-container\" style=\"\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"ub_table-of-contents-header\" style=\"text-align: left; \">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"ub_table-of-contents-title\">Contents<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div><div class=\"ub_table-of-contents-extra-container\" style=\"\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"ub_table-of-contents-container ub_table-of-contents-1-column \">\n\t\t\t\t<ul style=\"\"><li style=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/allalignedhealing.com\/unisapsych\/pyc3702-assignment-1\/#0-introduction\" style=\"\">Introduction<\/a><ul><li style=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/allalignedhealing.com\/unisapsych\/pyc3702-assignment-1\/#1-free-resources-and-links\" style=\"\">Free resources and links<\/a><\/li><li style=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/allalignedhealing.com\/unisapsych\/pyc3702-assignment-1\/#2-key-vocabulary\" style=\"\">Key Vocabulary<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li style=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/allalignedhealing.com\/unisapsych\/pyc3702-assignment-1\/#3-assignment-1-a-prevention\" style=\"\">Assignment 1: a. Prevention<\/a><ul><li style=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/allalignedhealing.com\/unisapsych\/pyc3702-assignment-1\/#4-how-prevalent-are-mental-disorders\" style=\"\">How prevalent are mental disorders<\/a><\/li><li style=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/allalignedhealing.com\/unisapsych\/pyc3702-assignment-1\/#5-causes-of-mental-disorders\" style=\"\">Causes of mental disorders<\/a><\/li><li style=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/allalignedhealing.com\/unisapsych\/pyc3702-assignment-1\/#6-contemporary-trends\" style=\"\">Contemporary trends<\/a><\/li><li style=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/allalignedhealing.com\/unisapsych\/pyc3702-assignment-1\/#7-research-and-evidence-based-medicine\" style=\"\">Research and evidence-based medicine<\/a><\/li><li style=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/allalignedhealing.com\/unisapsych\/pyc3702-assignment-1\/#8-prevention-of-abnormal-behavior\" style=\"\">Prevention of Abnormal Behavior<\/a><ul><li style=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/allalignedhealing.com\/unisapsych\/pyc3702-assignment-1\/#9-community-psychology\" style=\"\">Community Psychology<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li style=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/allalignedhealing.com\/unisapsych\/pyc3702-assignment-1\/#10-4-theoretical-models-of-community-psychology\" style=\"\">4 theoretical models of community psychology<\/a><\/li><li style=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/allalignedhealing.com\/unisapsych\/pyc3702-assignment-1\/#11-prevention-of-psychopathology\" style=\"\">Prevention of Psychopathology<\/a><ul><li style=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/allalignedhealing.com\/unisapsych\/pyc3702-assignment-1\/#12-primary-prevention\" style=\"\">Primary Prevention<\/a><\/li><li style=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/allalignedhealing.com\/unisapsych\/pyc3702-assignment-1\/#13-secondary-prevention\" style=\"\">Secondary Prevention<\/a><\/li><li style=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/allalignedhealing.com\/unisapsych\/pyc3702-assignment-1\/#14-tertiary-prevention\" style=\"\">Tertiary Prevention<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li style=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/allalignedhealing.com\/unisapsych\/pyc3702-assignment-1\/#15-assignment-1-b-models-of-psychopathology\" style=\"\">Assignment 1 b: Models of psychopathology<\/a><ul><li style=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/allalignedhealing.com\/unisapsych\/pyc3702-assignment-1\/#16-models-of-abnormal-behavior\" style=\"\">Models of Abnormal Behavior<\/a><\/li><li style=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/allalignedhealing.com\/unisapsych\/pyc3702-assignment-1\/#17-assumptions-of-the-multipath-model-\" style=\"\">Assumptions of the multipath model<\/a><\/li><li style=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/allalignedhealing.com\/unisapsych\/pyc3702-assignment-1\/#18-dimension-1-biological-factors\" style=\"\">Dimension 1: Biological Factors<\/a><\/li><li style=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/allalignedhealing.com\/unisapsych\/pyc3702-assignment-1\/#19-dimension-2-psychological-factors\" style=\"\">Dimension 2: Psychological factors<\/a><\/li><li style=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/allalignedhealing.com\/unisapsych\/pyc3702-assignment-1\/#20-dimension-3-social-factors\" style=\"\">Dimension 3: Social Factors<\/a><\/li><li style=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/allalignedhealing.com\/unisapsych\/pyc3702-assignment-1\/#21-dimension-4-sociocultural-factors\" style=\"\">Dimension 4: Sociocultural factors<\/a><ul><li style=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/allalignedhealing.com\/unisapsych\/pyc3702-assignment-1\/#22-gender-factors\" style=\"\">Gender Factors<\/a><\/li><li style=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/allalignedhealing.com\/unisapsych\/pyc3702-assignment-1\/#23-socioeconomic-class\" style=\"\">Socioeconomic Class<\/a><\/li><li style=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/allalignedhealing.com\/unisapsych\/pyc3702-assignment-1\/#24-immigration-and-acculturative-stress\" style=\"\">Immigration and acculturative stress<\/a><\/li><li style=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/allalignedhealing.com\/unisapsych\/pyc3702-assignment-1\/#25-race-and-ethnicity\" style=\"\">Race and ethnicity<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li style=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/allalignedhealing.com\/unisapsych\/pyc3702-assignment-1\/#26-assignment-1-c-classifying\" style=\"\">Assignment 1: c Classifying<\/a><ul><li style=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/allalignedhealing.com\/unisapsych\/pyc3702-assignment-1\/#27-criteria-for-a-problem-to-be-a-mental-disorder\" style=\"\">Criteria for a problem to be a mental disorder<\/a><ul><li style=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/allalignedhealing.com\/unisapsych\/pyc3702-assignment-1\/#28-so-in-short-a-mental-disorder-has-3-positive-qualities-\" style=\"\">So in short a mental disorder has 3 positive qualities<\/a><\/li><li style=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/allalignedhealing.com\/unisapsych\/pyc3702-assignment-1\/#29-and-it-has-two-exclusions\" style=\"\">And it has two exclusions:<\/a><\/li><\/ul><ul><li style=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/allalignedhealing.com\/unisapsych\/pyc3702-assignment-1\/#31-possible-research-methods\" style=\"\">Possible research methods<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li style=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/allalignedhealing.com\/unisapsych\/pyc3702-assignment-1\/#32-what-is-abnormal-psychology\" style=\"\">What is abnormal psychology?<\/a><ul><li style=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/allalignedhealing.com\/unisapsych\/pyc3702-assignment-1\/#33-key-vocabulary\" style=\"\">Key vocabulary<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li style=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/allalignedhealing.com\/unisapsych\/pyc3702-assignment-1\/#34-wtf\" style=\"\">WTF<\/a><\/li><li style=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/allalignedhealing.com\/unisapsych\/pyc3702-assignment-1\/#35-categories-of-disorders\" style=\"\">Categories of Disorders<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li style=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/allalignedhealing.com\/unisapsych\/pyc3702-assignment-1\/#36-assignment-1-d-african\" style=\"\">Assignment 1 d: African<\/a><ul><li style=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/allalignedhealing.com\/unisapsych\/pyc3702-assignment-1\/#37-psychopathology-from-an-african-perspective\" style=\"\">Psychopathology from an African Perspective<\/a><ul><li style=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/allalignedhealing.com\/unisapsych\/pyc3702-assignment-1\/#38-why-do-we-need-an-african-understanding\" style=\"\">Why do we need an African understanding?<\/a><\/li><li style=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/allalignedhealing.com\/unisapsych\/pyc3702-assignment-1\/#39-3-levels-of-acculturation\" style=\"\">3 Levels of acculturation<\/a><\/li><li style=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/allalignedhealing.com\/unisapsych\/pyc3702-assignment-1\/#40-the-role-of-culture-in-psychopathology\" style=\"\">The role of culture in psychopathology<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li style=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/allalignedhealing.com\/unisapsych\/pyc3702-assignment-1\/#41-african-world-view\" style=\"\">African World view<\/a><ul><li style=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/allalignedhealing.com\/unisapsych\/pyc3702-assignment-1\/#42-traditional-african-perspective-on-psychopathology\" style=\"\">Traditional African Perspective on Psychopathology<\/a><\/li><li style=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/allalignedhealing.com\/unisapsych\/pyc3702-assignment-1\/#43-supernatural-possible-causes-for-mental-illness-ukufa-kwabantu-\" style=\"\">Supernatural possible causes for mental illness: Ukufa kwabantu\u00a0<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li style=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/allalignedhealing.com\/unisapsych\/pyc3702-assignment-1\/#44-key-terminology\" style=\"\">Key terminology<\/a><\/li><li style=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/allalignedhealing.com\/unisapsych\/pyc3702-assignment-1\/#45-culture-specific-syndromes\" style=\"\">Culture-specific syndromes<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"2-key-vocabulary\">Key Vocabulary<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" id=\"block-72e7ea13-39ec-40fd-97c0-ff6bdb07bd5c\">There is a lot of important terminology to get familiar with in abnormal psychology, so let&#8217;s get through a good chunk of it straight away.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/presentation\/d\/e\/2PACX-1vQ-Efj4_bQEtjmVdpprIS2McfDOFUfP7xOpzHQYVKcysGE24AYYgftNwvNxluYVByBP-fhsa6eFDz3N\/embed?start=false&amp;loop=false&amp;delayms=10000\" frameborder=\"0\" width=\"960\" height=\"749\" allowfullscreen=\"true\" mozallowfullscreen=\"true\" webkitallowfullscreen=\"true\"><\/iframe>\n\n\n\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/forms\/d\/e\/1FAIpQLSekWcN_FVacL32tqtualWNtZOh-mQ8cwYx5Wf6cOpUFq7zsuQ\/viewform?embedded=true\" width=\"640\" height=\"964\" frameborder=\"0\" marginheight=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0\">Loading\u2026<\/iframe>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"3-assignment-1-a-prevention\">Assignment 1: a. Prevention<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/allalignedhealing.com\/unisapsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/tertiary-prevention.jpeg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1307\" width=\"535\" height=\"402\"\/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"4-how-prevalent-are-mental-disorders\">How prevalent are mental disorders<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image is-resized\" id=\"block-e0e83c04-bba5-4611-8710-4095847e791d\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/allalignedhealing.com\/unisapsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/lifetime-prevalence.jpeg\" alt=\"This image has an empty alt attribute; its file name is lifetime-prevalence.jpeg\" width=\"606\" height=\"503\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" id=\"block-b41e45df-918e-4b2c-a7fe-c5df36e5d842\">Mental disorders are extremely common. Some studies show that about half the population being studied has had symptoms of a mental disorder at some point in their lifetime. (+\/- 50% lifetime prevalence)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" id=\"block-03b7ca0c-3e44-48c0-9957-4d31a47072fc\">There is a lot of social stigma associated with mental illness, due to stereotyping, prejudice and discrimination. This then causes self-stigma, as people internalize these social judgements, and incorporate them into their self-image.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" id=\"block-019fbeaa-f273-4f5f-8108-949f12ee60ce\">A negative self-image then harms their self-esteem and self-efficacy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"5-causes-of-mental-disorders\">Causes of mental disorders<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<div id=\"block-65ac6d6e-37f9-46e3-a3aa-de2d3033f06e\" class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/allalignedhealing.com\/unisapsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/biological-causes.jpeg\" alt=\"This image has an empty alt attribute; its file name is biological-causes.jpeg\"\/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\" id=\"block-188a27b2-821a-46eb-a5a7-6019f1b96ff2\"><li>Biological<ul><li>symptoms occur in clusters called <strong>syndromes<\/strong><\/li><li>The first DSM system of classification classified mental illnesses based on their <strong>physiological causes<\/strong><\/li><li><strong>General paresis <\/strong>was proven to be caused by late stage syphilis<\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/allalignedhealing.com\/unisapsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/mind.jpeg\" alt=\"\"\/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" id=\"block-e283fee0-151c-4f95-b54c-643089579451\">2. Psychological<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\" id=\"block-dad2908a-91af-4cff-af59-1a9a362c79b6\"><li>many mental illnesses arise from stress, conflict or other psychological, cognitive and emotional factors<\/li><li>Mesmer&#8217;s work with hypnotism showed that suggestion could both cause and treat symptoms<\/li><li>Thus that the mind can be a causal factor.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"6-contemporary-trends\">Contemporary trends<\/h2>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle wp-block-ub-content-toggle-block\" id=\"ub-content-toggle-block-ae2f881f-4a15-47d5-b3d6-6ed982a922a6\" data-mobilecollapse=\"true\" data-desktopcollapse=\"false\" data-preventcollapse=\"false\" data-showonlyone=\"true\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion\" style=\"border-color: #E4D1D1;\" id=\"ub-content-toggle-panel-block-\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-title-wrap\" style=\"background-color: #E4D1D1;\" aria-controls=\"ub-content-toggle-panel-0-ae2f881f-4a15-47d5-b3d6-6ed982a922a6\" tabindex=\"0\">\n\t\t\t<h5 class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-title ub-content-toggle-title-ae2f881f-4a15-47d5-b3d6-6ed982a922a6\" style=\"color: #000000; \">Multicultural Psychology<\/h5>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-toggle-wrap right\" style=\"color: #000000;\"><span class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-state-indicator wp-block-ub-chevron-down\"><\/span><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-expanded=\"false\" class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-content-wrap ub-hide\" id=\"ub-content-toggle-panel-0-ae2f881f-4a15-47d5-b3d6-6ed982a922a6\">\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" id=\"block-32ae4afb-305b-4b1a-8a73-d343aa0446ea\">Mental health professionals recognize that they need to<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\" id=\"block-c05d5a5b-c020-480c-8944-c6245e93a076\"><li>be culturally sensitive<\/li><li>be culturally aware of different cultures and mores<\/li><li>Develop therapeutic strategies that work for people from diverse cultures<\/li><\/ul>\n\n<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion\" style=\"border-color: #E4D1D1;\" id=\"ub-content-toggle-panel-block-\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-title-wrap\" style=\"background-color: #E4D1D1;\" aria-controls=\"ub-content-toggle-panel-1-ae2f881f-4a15-47d5-b3d6-6ed982a922a6\" tabindex=\"0\">\n\t\t\t<h5 class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-title ub-content-toggle-title-ae2f881f-4a15-47d5-b3d6-6ed982a922a6\" style=\"color: #000000; \"><strong>Positive Psychology<\/strong><\/h5>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-toggle-wrap right\" style=\"color: #000000;\"><span class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-state-indicator wp-block-ub-chevron-down\"><\/span><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-expanded=\"false\" class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-content-wrap ub-hide\" id=\"ub-content-toggle-panel-1-ae2f881f-4a15-47d5-b3d6-6ed982a922a6\">\n\n<p class=\"has-purple-background-color has-background wp-block-paragraph\" id=\"block-800b4742-2d04-4b16-b617-77ad264b4e3c\">studies positive human qualities associated with thriving<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-purple-background-color has-background wp-block-paragraph\" id=\"block-13e575c9-abe3-435c-bbc8-f80908feb783\">focusses on 3 domains:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol id=\"block-429885ea-2b61-41c0-8000-c9f0a0879717\" class=\"has-purple-background-color has-background wp-block-list\"><li>Positive <strong>feelings<\/strong>: well-being, contentment, hope &amp; optimism for the future<\/li><li>Postive <strong>traits<\/strong>: courage resilience, compassion, spirituality &amp; wisdom<\/li><li><strong>civic<\/strong> virtues and institutions that foster good citizenship<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-purple-background-color has-background wp-block-paragraph\" id=\"block-e34475d7-3b88-4629-857d-ad06a723632e\">By identifying positive and helpful qualities, we can teach people strategies for self-regulation, coping and resilience to prevent mental health condition and help people to recover from them<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion\" style=\"border-color: #E4D1D1;\" id=\"ub-content-toggle-panel-block-\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-title-wrap\" style=\"background-color: #E4D1D1;\" aria-controls=\"ub-content-toggle-panel-2-ae2f881f-4a15-47d5-b3d6-6ed982a922a6\" tabindex=\"0\">\n\t\t\t<h5 class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-title ub-content-toggle-title-ae2f881f-4a15-47d5-b3d6-6ed982a922a6\" style=\"color: #000000; \">The Recovery Movement<\/h5>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-toggle-wrap right\" style=\"color: #000000;\"><span class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-state-indicator wp-block-ub-chevron-down\"><\/span><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-expanded=\"false\" class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-content-wrap ub-hide\" id=\"ub-content-toggle-panel-2-ae2f881f-4a15-47d5-b3d6-6ed982a922a6\">\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>A pushback against the pessimistic view that people with serious mental illness cannot lead a good life, hold down a job, or cope with life in general<\/li><li>The recovery movement affirms that people can recover and lead satisfying, hopeful and contributing lives, even with their illness.<\/li><li>Looks for new ways to develop meaning and purpose while living with a mental illness<\/li><li>As support and treatment improves, so too do prognoses<\/li><li>Works to prevent and reduce stigma and discrimination by educating, lobbying for policy change and advocating for the rights of people with severe mental disorders.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion\" style=\"border-color: #E4D1D1;\" id=\"ub-content-toggle-panel-block-\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-title-wrap\" style=\"background-color: #E4D1D1;\" aria-controls=\"ub-content-toggle-panel-3-ae2f881f-4a15-47d5-b3d6-6ed982a922a6\" tabindex=\"0\">\n\t\t\t<h5 class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-title ub-content-toggle-title-ae2f881f-4a15-47d5-b3d6-6ed982a922a6\" style=\"color: #000000; \">Changes in the therapeutic landscape<\/h5>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-toggle-wrap right\" style=\"color: #000000;\"><span class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-state-indicator wp-block-ub-chevron-down\"><\/span><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-expanded=\"false\" class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-content-wrap ub-hide\" id=\"ub-content-toggle-panel-3-ae2f881f-4a15-47d5-b3d6-6ed982a922a6\">\n\n<ul class=\"has-orange-background-color has-background wp-block-list\"><li>Psychiatric medication (and most specifically <strong>psychotropic medication<\/strong>) has brought about a revolution in treatment, enabling people with mental illnesses to live their lives outside institutions, and manage their symptoms.<\/li><li>This also made treatment far more affordable.<\/li><li>The <strong>rise of medical insurance<\/strong> gave insurance companies considerable control over what mental conditions are treated, how and to what extent.<\/li><li>This in turn compels therapists to use interventions that have strong research support.<\/li><li>However, since 2010, at least insurance companies were legally <strong>compelled not to withhold coverage<\/strong> from people with mental illness or addictions.<\/li><li>Additional legislation, the <strong>Affordable Health Care Act <\/strong>has helped to make health insurance more affordable in the USA.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Sicko 2007 Trailer HD | Documentary | Michael Moore\" width=\"750\" height=\"422\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/_XWgw3Ea4WU?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><figcaption>2 minutes expose trailer<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"7-research-and-evidence-based-medicine\">Research and evidence-based medicine<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" id=\"block-99c2aaa5-4808-46d8-918f-57c2362bd31e\">This is an exciting time for neuroscience and evidence-based research. New understandings of the causes of mental illness and potential treatments are being developed across the scientific community.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" id=\"block-30faa123-8c4c-43e9-bd88-65ef5002c0a6\">So contemporary models of abnormal behavior include these aspects:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\" id=\"block-dcb9b309-f4e1-40b7-9f8f-ba4021d5a564\"><li><strong>biological<\/strong><ul><li>organic<\/li><li>biochemical<\/li><li>physiological<\/li><li>genetic<\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><strong>psychological<\/strong><ul><li>emotional<\/li><li>behavioral<\/li><li>cognitive<\/li><li>in the context of social and cultural specifics<\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"8-prevention-of-abnormal-behavior\">Prevention of Abnormal Behavior<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"9-community-psychology\">Community Psychology<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image is-resized\" id=\"block-a4edd1e1-41de-48d4-b702-319553f4783a\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/allalignedhealing.com\/unisapsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/community-psychology.jpeg\" alt=\"This image has an empty alt attribute; its file name is community-psychology.jpeg\" width=\"612\" height=\"612\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" id=\"block-1fc785d5-e8e8-4015-8b0f-d808915607e7\">Community psychology is directed at helping ordinary people who cannot afford to access clinical psychology.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" id=\"block-728a49ae-1730-4d74-bcbf-468f9b0159fa\">It focusses on how psychology professionals can intervene in the social system to help people who are not having their basic needs for food, shelter and safety met.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" id=\"block-c3b5170e-8df6-48b3-9209-4451a6300eae\">And it brings attention to widespread problems associated with poverty such as:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\" id=\"block-fa4965dd-9e36-4184-b904-d4f547935fc6\"><li>substance abuse<\/li><li>crime<\/li><li>violence<\/li><li>domestic violence<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" id=\"block-aa2ed593-9037-4a9c-b414-dc6466c8e207\">Community psychologists look at collective social solutions such as creating or improving organizations so that they help people better and meet their needs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" id=\"block-7b61ecd6-5d21-459b-9612-b8d903cdba11\">They intervene to improve people&#8217;s situations, quality of life and emotional wellbeing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" id=\"block-0530bdeb-f297-4fa5-b429-52a9489ea44c\">Community psychology looks for the strengths of a community and then works to build those strengths.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"An interpreter broke down during Esidimeni hearing\" width=\"750\" height=\"422\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/qOd3kpUSsOA?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><figcaption>Community psychology tragic failure viewing 4 min<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"10-4-theoretical-models-of-community-psychology\">4 theoretical models of community psychology<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\" id=\"block-dace119f-8808-47fa-ac8a-943602c99b9d\"><li><strong>Mental health model:<\/strong> goal is to prevent mental illness &amp; its negative effects on people&#8217;s lives<\/li><li><strong>Social action model:<\/strong> Helps the poor meet their needs and move up in live. Works on the problem of social inequality<\/li><li><strong>Ecological model:<\/strong> Sees the community as a network of interrelationships, like an ecology<\/li><li><strong>Organisational model:<\/strong> Studies and prevents the incidence of mental disorders within organizations. Facilitates change and development.<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" id=\"block-4c7b49a6-ce12-4f58-99c7-0ba42aa930c0\"><strong>Community intervention i<\/strong>s usually fairly public, and works with non-professionals, volunteer and self-help support networks.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"11-prevention-of-psychopathology\">Prevention of Psychopathology<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/allalignedhealing.com\/unisapsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/Screen-Shot-2022-02-23-at-6.18.48-PM.png\" alt=\"\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" id=\"block-c11ce0bc-89b2-412c-9242-69410acfc16c\">Community psychology aims to keep people well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\" id=\"block-d64e4b8b-8bee-40a5-9b20-9b92495830a5\"><li><strong>primary prevention:<\/strong> less new cases<\/li><li><strong>secondary prevention<\/strong>: shorten the duration<\/li><li><strong>tertiary prevention:<\/strong> minimize the effects<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"12-primary-prevention\">Primary Prevention<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/allalignedhealing.com\/unisapsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/primary-prevention.png\" alt=\"\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" id=\"block-7aee7c8d-1980-400d-9f2e-4c581c67d62f\"><em><strong>How to reduce the incidence of new cases of mental disorders?<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" id=\"block-c2b97b41-6b62-4fb8-80fe-1c4cd7c82e42\">By <strong>increasing support<\/strong> for people. For example by creating a housing program for the homeless<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" id=\"block-c66cbf1f-568d-4504-8a6b-32b61cac7034\">and <strong>decreasing threats<\/strong> to mental wellbeing. For example by reducing crime in a community.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" id=\"block-18187551-4d16-4d82-874f-f25170fae966\">As we South Africans know, primary prevention is heavy lifting. It is not easy to implement. In fact it is even resisted. Why is this?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\" id=\"block-3bdf8811-27e9-4a1f-9b76-b46255e9ef2b\"><li><strong>Big investment with unknown future rewards<\/strong>: Only through prospective and longitudinal research can you identify successes, failures and how these arose from the process. It takes time to know if a primary prevention program works. When it is actually rolling out, you don&#8217;t know if it is working or not, because the results are still in the future.<\/li><li><strong>Competes<\/strong> with traditional programs that treat mental illness<\/li><li>Prevention is often only possible with <strong>broader changes in society<\/strong>, and this is a big ask for mental health workers. It requires a lot of networking and organisational support.<\/li><li>How to get <strong>funding<\/strong> for prevention, which was funneled for treatment before?<\/li><li>There is <strong>a lot of work<\/strong>: planning, work and long-term evaluation.<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"13-secondary-prevention\">Secondary Prevention<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/allalignedhealing.com\/unisapsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/2ndary-prevention.jpeg\" alt=\"\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" id=\"block-60e86700-268d-44d6-8c82-441451d17919\">Shorten duration. Reduce impact.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" id=\"block-3f40211e-4c46-4698-ba4e-ea91fd0c9680\"><strong><em>So how to reduce duration and impact?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\" id=\"block-011f56f6-700e-4ea3-8bb5-47b7919f5d9f\"><li>Early detection<\/li><li>Effective treatment<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" id=\"block-97bdc175-6183-4775-820c-fbee560c3a0b\"><strong>Problems include:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\" id=\"block-fa1b05d1-12a8-41c1-9a1f-13faec0cfd2a\"><li>Unreliable diagnosis<\/li><li>treatment is very patient-specific<\/li><li>Public health treatment takes ages because it is under-funded. There is usually a waiting list. There are not enough mental health employees or public health facilities.<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" id=\"block-de97ac82-59d9-4c49-9dfe-5a4f66e42204\">\u201cWalk-in\u201d clinics, crisis intervention facilities, and emergency telephone lines&nbsp;do help, and are often run by Non-Governmental Organizations. (NGOs)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"14-tertiary-prevention\">Tertiary Prevention<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/allalignedhealing.com\/unisapsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/tertiary-prevention.jpeg\" alt=\"\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" id=\"block-0096b621-0589-46d1-b00d-f1436f31f0d6\">Tertiary prevention is often about the release from mental hospitals and institutions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\" id=\"block-394f6727-f5f8-4ced-8938-423ec9a278d4\"><li>Transition back to normal life.<\/li><li>It is not always easy for patients to feel welcomed back into the community and family<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"15-assignment-1-b-models-of-psychopathology\">Assignment 1 b: Models of psychopathology<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/allalignedhealing.com\/unisapsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/models-of-psychpathology.jpeg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1225\" width=\"611\" height=\"307\" srcset=\"https:\/\/allalignedhealing.com\/unisapsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/models-of-psychpathology.jpeg 317w, https:\/\/allalignedhealing.com\/unisapsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/models-of-psychpathology-300x150.jpeg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 611px) 100vw, 611px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"16-models-of-abnormal-behavior\">Models of Abnormal Behavior<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">There are three categories of model:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text alignwide is-stacked-on-mobile\" style=\"grid-template-columns:24% auto\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"256\" height=\"197\" src=\"https:\/\/allalignedhealing.com\/unisapsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/linear.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1200 size-full\"\/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\" id=\"block-8b94c876-dd72-48e7-97d1-8a0bca2330b3\"><li><strong>Linear models: Cause &amp; Effect<\/strong><ul><li>biological, psychoanalytic, psychodynamic, behavioural, cognitive, humanistic, and existential perspectives\/models&nbsp;<\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ol>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text alignwide is-stacked-on-mobile\" style=\"grid-template-columns:24% auto\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"267\" height=\"189\" src=\"https:\/\/allalignedhealing.com\/unisapsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/circular.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1201 size-full\"\/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\" id=\"block-8b94c876-dd72-48e7-97d1-8a0bca2330b3\"><li>2. <strong>Circular models: Looks for reciprocal situational interactions<\/strong><ul><li>systems perspective (family systems) and ecosystems perspectives\/models&nbsp;<\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text alignwide is-stacked-on-mobile\" style=\"grid-template-columns:24% auto\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"286\" height=\"176\" src=\"https:\/\/allalignedhealing.com\/unisapsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/multipath.jpeg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1202 size-full\"\/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\" id=\"block-8b94c876-dd72-48e7-97d1-8a0bca2330b3\"><li>3. <strong>Multipath model: Holistic explanation using 4 dimensions:<\/strong><ol><li>Biological Factors&nbsp;<\/li><li>Psychological Factors&nbsp;<\/li><li>Social Factors&nbsp;<\/li><li>Sociocultural Factors&nbsp;<\/li><\/ol><\/li><\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/allalignedhealing.com\/unisapsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/multipath-model-2.jpeg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1203\" width=\"804\" height=\"495\" srcset=\"https:\/\/allalignedhealing.com\/unisapsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/multipath-model-2.jpeg 623w, https:\/\/allalignedhealing.com\/unisapsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/multipath-model-2-300x185.jpeg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 804px) 100vw, 804px\" \/><figcaption>multipath model<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"17-assumptions-of-the-multipath-model-\">Assumptions of the multipath model <\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>No single perspective is enough to explain mental disorders on its own<\/li><li>There are multiple influences on the development of a disorder, so explanations must include all four dimensions &#8211; biological, psychological, social and sociocultural.<\/li><li>Not all dimensions are equally significant in any disorder<\/li><li>Causality is complex and reciprocal<\/li><li>Each dimension may offer potential strengths and assets to help prevent, reduce or remove symptoms.<\/li><li>Permeable boundaries between  dimensions<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/forms\/d\/e\/1FAIpQLSd4lF3MXJWOmek3-EAuYcGJ1WqF5siX-Adlubx-hktTLx2uvg\/viewform?embedded=true\" width=\"640\" height=\"4920\" frameborder=\"0\" marginheight=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0\">Loading\u2026<\/iframe>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"18-dimension-1-biological-factors\">Dimension 1: Biological Factors<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text alignwide is-stacked-on-mobile\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"277\" height=\"182\" src=\"https:\/\/allalignedhealing.com\/unisapsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/biological-causes-1.jpeg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1205 size-full\"\/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Key Assumptions:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><strong>Our characteristics are genetically predisposed<\/strong>. Many of our personal qualities are from complex interactions between biological makeup and the environment.<\/li><li>Thoughts, emotions and behavior are <strong>biologically based<\/strong> in the brain. Over time they can <strong>change brain structure<\/strong>.<\/li><li>Many mental disorders are associated with<strong> inherited biological vulnerability and\/or a brain abnormality<\/strong>.<\/li><li><strong>Medications influence the brain<\/strong>, and this is how they work.<\/li><li>The study of these medications is <strong>psychopharmacology<\/strong>. There are 3 types of <strong>psychotropic<\/strong> medications:<ol><li><strong>Anti-anxiety<\/strong> psychotropics &#8220;minor tranquilizers&#8221;<\/li><li><strong>Anti-psychotic <\/strong>psychotropics &#8220;major tranquilizers&#8221;<\/li><li><strong>mood stabilizers<\/strong><\/li><\/ol><\/li><\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"19-dimension-2-psychological-factors\">Dimension 2: Psychological factors<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">There are 4 very different psychological perspectives for understanding abnormal psychology.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text alignwide is-stacked-on-mobile\" style=\"grid-template-columns:31% auto\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"168\" src=\"https:\/\/allalignedhealing.com\/unisapsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/psychodynamic.jpeg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1207 size-full\"\/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\" id=\"block-15d41ec7-915e-4b72-9d3b-1364778f0c6b\"><li><strong>Psychodynamic<\/strong>: = looking at childhood trauma, anxieties, unconscious conflicts. Originally Freudian. Looks at how people can understand their emotions and gain insight into themselves.<\/li><\/ol>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text alignwide is-stacked-on-mobile\" style=\"grid-template-columns:31% auto\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"207\" height=\"244\" src=\"https:\/\/allalignedhealing.com\/unisapsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/behavioral.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1210 size-full\"\/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\" id=\"block-15d41ec7-915e-4b72-9d3b-1364778f0c6b\"><li>2. <strong>Behavioral:<\/strong> learning through conditioning. <ul><li>Observational learning is also possible through social learning.<\/li><li>Exposure therapy, <\/li><li>systematic desensitization and <\/li><li>social skills training are all based in this paradigm.<\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text alignwide is-stacked-on-mobile\" style=\"grid-template-columns:31% auto\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"240\" height=\"210\" src=\"https:\/\/allalignedhealing.com\/unisapsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/cbt.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1211 size-full\"\/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\" id=\"block-15d41ec7-915e-4b72-9d3b-1364778f0c6b\"><li>3. <strong>Cognitive-behavioral<\/strong>: How we think about things can have a massive effect on our wellbeing. Irrational thoughts and beliefs such as <strong>catastrophizing<\/strong> can lead to anxiety and depression. <ul><li>Cognitive behavioral therapy, <strong>CBT<\/strong> helps people think and act differently and had measurably good results in treating anxiety and depression. <\/li><li><strong>Third wave CBT<\/strong> is about noticing, but not reacting to, negative thoughts and feelings (mindfulness). <\/li><li>Dialectic behavioral therapy (<strong>DBT<\/strong>) helps clients regulate emotions, cope with stress and improve social skills by reinforcing positive actions with an emphasis on validating and accepting the client.<\/li><li> <strong>ACT<\/strong> is Acceptance and commitment therapy.<\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text alignwide is-stacked-on-mobile\" style=\"grid-template-columns:31% auto\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"318\" height=\"159\" src=\"https:\/\/allalignedhealing.com\/unisapsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/humanist.jpeg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1212 size-full\" srcset=\"https:\/\/allalignedhealing.com\/unisapsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/humanist.jpeg 318w, https:\/\/allalignedhealing.com\/unisapsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/humanist-300x150.jpeg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 318px) 100vw, 318px\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\" id=\"block-15d41ec7-915e-4b72-9d3b-1364778f0c6b\"><li>4. <strong>Humanistic: <\/strong>Avoids labels and focusses on free will. <ul><li>Helping people live up to their highest potential and find meaning and self-acceptance.<\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"20-dimension-3-social-factors\">Dimension 3: Social Factors<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text alignwide is-stacked-on-mobile\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"310\" height=\"163\" src=\"https:\/\/allalignedhealing.com\/unisapsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/social.jpeg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1213 size-full\" srcset=\"https:\/\/allalignedhealing.com\/unisapsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/social.jpeg 310w, https:\/\/allalignedhealing.com\/unisapsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/social-300x158.jpeg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 310px) 100vw, 310px\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This is all about relationships. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>We need healthy relationships to be mentally healthy and thrive.<\/li><li>Social relationships nourish our mental health: <ul><li>emotional support<\/li><li>love<\/li><li>compassion<\/li><li>trust<\/li><li>sense of belonging, etc etc<\/li><\/ul><\/li><li>When social relationships are dysfunctional or absent, this can cause great mental distress<\/li><\/ol>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">So the social relational models look at family, couple and group perspectives.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>The<strong> family systems<\/strong> model<ol><li>One person&#8217;s behavior affects the entire family<\/li><li>The family strongly influences our personalities and behaviors. So a person&#8217;s mental illness often reflects unhealthy family dynamics, especially poor communication. ie <strong><em>the cause is the family system<\/em><\/strong>.<\/li><li>Therapy must focus on the family system rather than the individual.<\/li><\/ol><\/li><li>The <strong>conjoint family therapeutic approach<\/strong> teaches families to communicate clearly and constructively instead of dysfunctionally.<\/li><li><strong>Strategic family approaches<\/strong> look at and intervene to develop healthier power distribution within the family.<\/li><li><strong>Structural family approaches<\/strong> reorganize  family relationships that may be too enmeshed or too distant.<\/li><li><strong>Couples<\/strong> therapy<\/li><li><strong>Group<\/strong> therapy is between strangers that share similar challenges.<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"21-dimension-4-sociocultural-factors\">Dimension 4: Sociocultural factors<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text alignwide is-stacked-on-mobile\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"275\" height=\"183\" src=\"https:\/\/allalignedhealing.com\/unisapsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/sociocultural.jpeg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1216 size-full\"\/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Sociocultural factors include: race, ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation, religious preference, socioeconomic status.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Many <strong>culturally specific disorders<\/strong> are listed in the DSM. For example, <em>&#8220;<strong>Kufungisisa<\/strong> (\u201cthinking too much\u201d in Shona) is an idiom of distress and a cultural explanation among the Shona of Zimbabwe.&#8221;<\/em> DSM 5 p879<\/li><li>Cultures and other factors may subject us to <strong>unique stressors.<\/strong><\/li><li>And influence how we <strong>express<\/strong> disorders<\/li><\/ol>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"22-gender-factors\">Gender Factors<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text alignwide is-stacked-on-mobile\" style=\"grid-template-columns:26% auto\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"276\" height=\"183\" src=\"https:\/\/allalignedhealing.com\/unisapsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/gender.jpeg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1217 size-full\"\/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\" id=\"block-c1a07071-dd1a-464c-9a70-550659bcefac\"><li><strong>Women<\/strong> have a higher prevalence of depression, anxiety and eating disorders.<ul><li>Lower pay, more responsibilities at home, sexual aggression &amp; stereotyped standards of beauty etc<\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><strong>Men<\/strong>: Higher suicide rates, substance abuse and anti-social disorders.<\/li><\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"23-socioeconomic-class\">Socioeconomic Class<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text alignwide is-stacked-on-mobile\" style=\"grid-template-columns:26% auto\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"290\" height=\"174\" src=\"https:\/\/allalignedhealing.com\/unisapsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/lower-class.jpeg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1218 size-full\"\/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\" id=\"block-277f84cd-e55d-457c-8bff-bbff380247e5\"><li><strong>Lower class<\/strong>: multiple stressors, external locus of control, poor health, higher depression, hopelessness, helplessness, dependence and inferiority. Social inequalities directly correlate with increased violent crime.<\/li><li><strong>Upper class<\/strong>: More easy to access treatment and support, as well as diagnosis.<\/li><\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"24-immigration-and-acculturative-stress\">Immigration and acculturative stress<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text alignwide is-stacked-on-mobile\" style=\"grid-template-columns:26% auto\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"299\" height=\"169\" src=\"https:\/\/allalignedhealing.com\/unisapsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/immigration.jpeg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1219 size-full\"\/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<p class=\"has-large-font-size wp-block-paragraph\">Acculturative stress is the stress that people experience from moving into a new culture.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"25-race-and-ethnicity\">Race and ethnicity<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text alignwide is-stacked-on-mobile\" style=\"grid-template-columns:26% auto\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"225\" height=\"225\" src=\"https:\/\/allalignedhealing.com\/unisapsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/ethnicity-1.jpeg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1221 size-full\" srcset=\"https:\/\/allalignedhealing.com\/unisapsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/ethnicity-1.jpeg 225w, https:\/\/allalignedhealing.com\/unisapsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/ethnicity-1-150x150.jpeg 150w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 225px) 100vw, 225px\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The multicultural model looks at the differences, strengths &amp; limitations of different cultures. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Different dimensions that cultures can be measured on include:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>individualist vs collectivist<\/li><li>direct vs indirect communication styles<\/li><li>large or small power distance. very hierarchical cultures have a large power distance. Egalitarian cultures have a low power distance<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Racism, bias and oppression can be major stressors.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"26-assignment-1-c-classifying\">Assignment 1: c Classifying<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"27-criteria-for-a-problem-to-be-a-mental-disorder\">Criteria for a problem to be a mental disorder<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p>A mental disorder is a syndrome characterized by clinically significant <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">disturbance <\/span>in an individual\u2019s cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior that reflects a <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">dysfunction<\/span> in the psychological, biological, or developmental processes underlying mental functioning. Mental disorders are usually associated with significant <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">distress <\/span>or <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">disability<\/span> in social, occupational, or other important activities. An expectable or culturally approved response to a common stressor or loss, such as the death of a loved one, is not a mental disorder. Socially deviant behavior (e.g., political, religious, or sexual) and conflicts that are primarily between the individual and society are not mental disorders unless the deviance or conflict results from a dysfunction in the individual, as described above.&#8221;<\/p><cite>Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders DSM-5<\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"28-so-in-short-a-mental-disorder-has-3-positive-qualities-\">So in short a mental disorder has 3 positive qualities <\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>involves a <strong>significant disturbance<\/strong> in thinking, emotional regulation and\/or behavior<\/li><li>caused by psychological, biological, or developmental <strong>dysfunction<\/strong>.<\/li><li>Causes <strong>significant distress or disability<\/strong> in day to day functioning<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"29-and-it-has-two-exclusions\">And it has two exclusions:<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\" id=\"block-3547f14e-326c-451d-8aed-602c21d262d5\"><li><strong>Is not <\/strong>merely a culturally expected response to common stressors or losses<\/li><li>or deviance in conflict with social norms.<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/forms\/d\/e\/1FAIpQLSd0AkRZq_I39PcWPk4tKVsZVJ9ECTDwdjnQmEFjEfU1SthWpQ\/viewform?embedded=true\" width=\"640\" height=\"1263\" frameborder=\"0\" marginheight=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0\">Loading\u2026<\/iframe>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio wp-block-heading\" id=\"30-assessment-and-classification\">Assessment and Classification<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio wp-block-paragraph\">Based on scientific method.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio wp-block-paragraph\">4 steps of the scientific method in research<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol type=\"video\" class=\"wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio wp-block-list\"><li>formulating a question<\/li><li>stating a hypothesis<\/li><li>testing the hypothesis<\/li><li>concluding that the hypothesis is true or false, and to what extent.<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio wp-block-heading\" id=\"31-possible-research-methods\">Possible research methods<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text alignwide is-stacked-on-mobile wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\" style=\"grid-template-columns:29% auto\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"168\" src=\"https:\/\/allalignedhealing.com\/unisapsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/humans-acting-natural.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1080 size-full\"\/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<p class=\"has-large-font-size wp-block-paragraph\">naturalistic observational method<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Observing what people do in everyday life, without interfering<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text alignwide is-stacked-on-mobile wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\" style=\"grid-template-columns:29% auto\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"273\" height=\"185\" src=\"https:\/\/allalignedhealing.com\/unisapsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/correlation.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1081 size-full\"\/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<p class=\"has-large-font-size wp-block-paragraph\">Exploring correlation between variables<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This may be because of a causal relationship. If it isn&#8217;t, it may still be useful for predicting what we can expect to happen in future.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text alignwide is-stacked-on-mobile wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\" style=\"grid-template-columns:29% auto\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"412\" height=\"137\" src=\"https:\/\/allalignedhealing.com\/unisapsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/longitudinal.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-275 size-full\" srcset=\"https:\/\/allalignedhealing.com\/unisapsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/longitudinal.png 412w, https:\/\/allalignedhealing.com\/unisapsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/longitudinal-300x100.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 412px) 100vw, 412px\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<p class=\"has-large-font-size wp-block-paragraph\">Longitudinal method<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Observing the same variables over a long period of time.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text alignwide is-stacked-on-mobile wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\" style=\"grid-template-columns:29% auto\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"297\" height=\"170\" src=\"https:\/\/allalignedhealing.com\/unisapsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/experimental-method.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1082 size-full\"\/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<p class=\"has-large-font-size wp-block-paragraph\">The experimental method<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Identifies and measures <strong>causality<\/strong><\/em>. The <strong>independent variable<\/strong> is controlled and the<strong> dependent variable<\/strong> is measured to prove or disprove a hypothesis. Subjects should be <strong>randomized<\/strong>. The test should ideally be double-blind. The results, methods and <strong>validity<\/strong> should be independently assessed and verified. <\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text alignwide is-stacked-on-mobile wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\" style=\"grid-template-columns:23% auto\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"128\" height=\"128\" src=\"https:\/\/allalignedhealing.com\/unisapsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/epidemiology.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1088 size-full\"\/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<p class=\"has-large-font-size wp-block-paragraph\">Epidemiological method<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Examines the rate at which abnormal behavior occurs in various population groups and settings, eg twin studies<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text alignwide is-stacked-on-mobile wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\" style=\"grid-template-columns:28% auto\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"312\" height=\"162\" src=\"https:\/\/allalignedhealing.com\/unisapsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/oliver-sacks.jpeg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-268 size-full\" srcset=\"https:\/\/allalignedhealing.com\/unisapsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/oliver-sacks.jpeg 312w, https:\/\/allalignedhealing.com\/unisapsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/oliver-sacks-300x156.jpeg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 312px) 100vw, 312px\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<p class=\"has-large-font-size wp-block-paragraph\">The case study method<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The tendency towards bias and inaccuracy can be mitigated by single case experimental designs<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio wp-block-heading\" id=\"32-what-is-abnormal-psychology\">What is abnormal psychology?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio wp-block-heading\" id=\"33-key-vocabulary\">Key vocabulary<\/h3>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio wp-block-ub-content-toggle-block\" id=\"ub-content-toggle-block-55d7255b-20ee-4c6d-ad54-7ca602d95583\" data-mobilecollapse=\"true\" data-desktopcollapse=\"false\" data-preventcollapse=\"false\" data-showonlyone=\"true\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion\" style=\"border-color: #E4DAD1;\" id=\"ub-content-toggle-panel-block-\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-title-wrap\" style=\"background-color: #E4DAD1;\" aria-controls=\"ub-content-toggle-panel-0-55d7255b-20ee-4c6d-ad54-7ca602d95583\" tabindex=\"0\">\n\t\t\t<h5 class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-title ub-content-toggle-title-55d7255b-20ee-4c6d-ad54-7ca602d95583\" style=\"color: #000000; \">abnormal psychology<\/h5>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-toggle-wrap right\" style=\"color: #000000;\"><span class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-state-indicator wp-block-ub-chevron-down\"><\/span><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-expanded=\"false\" class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-content-wrap ub-hide\" id=\"ub-content-toggle-panel-0-55d7255b-20ee-4c6d-ad54-7ca602d95583\">\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The scientific study which describes, explains, predicts, and modifies behaviors associated with mental disorders. (psychopathology)<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion\" style=\"border-color: #E4DAD1;\" id=\"ub-content-toggle-panel-block-\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-title-wrap\" style=\"background-color: #E4DAD1;\" aria-controls=\"ub-content-toggle-panel-1-55d7255b-20ee-4c6d-ad54-7ca602d95583\" tabindex=\"0\">\n\t\t\t<h5 class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-title ub-content-toggle-title-55d7255b-20ee-4c6d-ad54-7ca602d95583\" style=\"color: #000000; \">mental disorder<\/h5>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-toggle-wrap right\" style=\"color: #000000;\"><span class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-state-indicator wp-block-ub-chevron-down\"><\/span><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-expanded=\"false\" class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-content-wrap ub-hide\" id=\"ub-content-toggle-panel-1-55d7255b-20ee-4c6d-ad54-7ca602d95583\">\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">psychological symptoms or behavioral patterns that reflect an underlying psychobiological dysfunction, and are associated with distress or disability.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion\" style=\"border-color: #E4DAD1;\" id=\"ub-content-toggle-panel-block-\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-title-wrap\" style=\"background-color: #E4DAD1;\" aria-controls=\"ub-content-toggle-panel-2-55d7255b-20ee-4c6d-ad54-7ca602d95583\" tabindex=\"0\">\n\t\t\t<h5 class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-title ub-content-toggle-title-55d7255b-20ee-4c6d-ad54-7ca602d95583\" style=\"color: #000000; \">mental illness<\/h5>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-toggle-wrap right\" style=\"color: #000000;\"><span class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-state-indicator wp-block-ub-chevron-down\"><\/span><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-expanded=\"false\" class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-content-wrap ub-hide\" id=\"ub-content-toggle-panel-2-55d7255b-20ee-4c6d-ad54-7ca602d95583\">\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">a mental health condition that negatively affects a person\u2019s emotions, thinking, behavior, relationships with others, or overall functioning<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion\" style=\"border-color: #E4DAD1;\" id=\"ub-content-toggle-panel-block-\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-title-wrap\" style=\"background-color: #E4DAD1;\" aria-controls=\"ub-content-toggle-panel-3-55d7255b-20ee-4c6d-ad54-7ca602d95583\" tabindex=\"0\">\n\t\t\t<h5 class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-title ub-content-toggle-title-55d7255b-20ee-4c6d-ad54-7ca602d95583\" style=\"color: #000000; \">psychopathology<\/h5>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-toggle-wrap right\" style=\"color: #000000;\"><span class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-state-indicator wp-block-ub-chevron-down\"><\/span><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-expanded=\"false\" class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-content-wrap ub-hide\" id=\"ub-content-toggle-panel-3-55d7255b-20ee-4c6d-ad54-7ca602d95583\">\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">the study of the symptoms, causes, and treatments of mental disorders<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion\" style=\"border-color: #E4DAD1;\" id=\"ub-content-toggle-panel-block-\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-title-wrap\" style=\"background-color: #E4DAD1;\" aria-controls=\"ub-content-toggle-panel-4-55d7255b-20ee-4c6d-ad54-7ca602d95583\" tabindex=\"0\">\n\t\t\t<h5 class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-title ub-content-toggle-title-55d7255b-20ee-4c6d-ad54-7ca602d95583\" style=\"color: #000000; \">etiology<\/h5>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-toggle-wrap right\" style=\"color: #000000;\"><span class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-state-indicator wp-block-ub-chevron-down\"><\/span><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-expanded=\"false\" class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-content-wrap ub-hide\" id=\"ub-content-toggle-panel-4-55d7255b-20ee-4c6d-ad54-7ca602d95583\">\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">cause or causes<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion\" style=\"border-color: #E4DAD1;\" id=\"ub-content-toggle-panel-block-\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-title-wrap\" style=\"background-color: #E4DAD1;\" aria-controls=\"ub-content-toggle-panel-5-55d7255b-20ee-4c6d-ad54-7ca602d95583\" tabindex=\"0\">\n\t\t\t<h5 class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-title ub-content-toggle-title-55d7255b-20ee-4c6d-ad54-7ca602d95583\" style=\"color: #000000; \">psychodiagnosis<\/h5>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-toggle-wrap right\" style=\"color: #000000;\"><span class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-state-indicator wp-block-ub-chevron-down\"><\/span><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-expanded=\"false\" class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-content-wrap ub-hide\" id=\"ub-content-toggle-panel-5-55d7255b-20ee-4c6d-ad54-7ca602d95583\">\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">an assessment and description of someone&#8217;s psychological symptoms, including inferences about etiology<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion\" style=\"border-color: #E4DAD1;\" id=\"ub-content-toggle-panel-block-\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-title-wrap\" style=\"background-color: #E4DAD1;\" aria-controls=\"ub-content-toggle-panel-6-55d7255b-20ee-4c6d-ad54-7ca602d95583\" tabindex=\"0\">\n\t\t\t<h5 class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-title ub-content-toggle-title-55d7255b-20ee-4c6d-ad54-7ca602d95583\" style=\"color: #000000; \">psychotherapy<\/h5>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-toggle-wrap right\" style=\"color: #000000;\"><span class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-state-indicator wp-block-ub-chevron-down\"><\/span><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-expanded=\"false\" class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-content-wrap ub-hide\" id=\"ub-content-toggle-panel-6-55d7255b-20ee-4c6d-ad54-7ca602d95583\">\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">systematic intervention to help improve a client\u2019s behavioral, emotional, or cognitive symptoms<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion\" style=\"border-color: #E4DAD1;\" id=\"ub-content-toggle-panel-block-\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-title-wrap\" style=\"background-color: #E4DAD1;\" aria-controls=\"ub-content-toggle-panel-7-55d7255b-20ee-4c6d-ad54-7ca602d95583\" tabindex=\"0\">\n\t\t\t<h5 class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-title ub-content-toggle-title-55d7255b-20ee-4c6d-ad54-7ca602d95583\" style=\"color: #000000; \">lifetime prevalence<\/h5>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-toggle-wrap right\" style=\"color: #000000;\"><span class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-state-indicator wp-block-ub-chevron-down\"><\/span><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-expanded=\"false\" class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-content-wrap ub-hide\" id=\"ub-content-toggle-panel-7-55d7255b-20ee-4c6d-ad54-7ca602d95583\">\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Percentage of the population who have experienced the symptom or disorder at some point during their lifetime.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/forms\/d\/e\/1FAIpQLScj0H_2gl5Ay_hCu9aHiQ_SRIHjPwvCWBetB2SEcZa5KIxAMw\/viewform?embedded=true\" width=\"640\" height=\"691\" frameborder=\"0\" marginheight=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0\">Loading\u2026<\/iframe>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"34-wtf\">WTF<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text alignwide is-stacked-on-mobile\" style=\"grid-template-columns:31% auto\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"275\" height=\"183\" src=\"https:\/\/allalignedhealing.com\/unisapsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/facepalm.jpeg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1330 size-full\"\/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<p class=\"has-large-font-size wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Please note that much of chapter 3 is missing from here &#8211; I got a bit lost. I&#8217;m skipping over the diagnostic tests part and adding in the content I want in my <strong>own<\/strong> head for the rest of the course.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"35-categories-of-disorders\">Categories of Disorders<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">We all know most of these, but having a shopping list in the head is a very important tool for the rest of the course, and for the future.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle wp-block-ub-content-toggle-block\" id=\"ub-content-toggle-block-e2149bd0-cf3b-4252-bd04-cb3a7d2a6f01\" data-mobilecollapse=\"true\" data-desktopcollapse=\"true\" data-preventcollapse=\"false\" data-showonlyone=\"false\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion\" style=\"border-color: #28303D;\" id=\"ub-content-toggle-panel-block-\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-title-wrap\" style=\"background-color: #28303D;\" aria-controls=\"ub-content-toggle-panel-0-e2149bd0-cf3b-4252-bd04-cb3a7d2a6f01\" tabindex=\"0\">\n\t\t\t<h4 class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-title ub-content-toggle-title-e2149bd0-cf3b-4252-bd04-cb3a7d2a6f01\" style=\"color: #D1D1E4; \">Neurodevelopmental disorders<\/h4>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-toggle-wrap right\" style=\"color: #D1D1E4;\"><span class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-state-indicator wp-block-ub-chevron-down\"><\/span><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-expanded=\"false\" class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-content-wrap ub-hide\" id=\"ub-content-toggle-panel-0-e2149bd0-cf3b-4252-bd04-cb3a7d2a6f01\">\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Cognitive, learning &amp; language disabilities that arise during development (growing up)<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion\" style=\"border-color: #28303D;\" id=\"ub-content-toggle-panel-block-\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-title-wrap\" style=\"background-color: #28303D;\" aria-controls=\"ub-content-toggle-panel-1-e2149bd0-cf3b-4252-bd04-cb3a7d2a6f01\" tabindex=\"0\">\n\t\t\t<h4 class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-title ub-content-toggle-title-e2149bd0-cf3b-4252-bd04-cb3a7d2a6f01\" style=\"color: #D1D1E4; \">Neurocognitive disorders<\/h4>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-toggle-wrap right\" style=\"color: #D1D1E4;\"><span class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-state-indicator wp-block-ub-chevron-down\"><\/span><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-expanded=\"false\" class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-content-wrap ub-hide\" id=\"ub-content-toggle-panel-1-e2149bd0-cf3b-4252-bd04-cb3a7d2a6f01\">\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Psychological &amp; behavioral abnormalities due to brain dysfunction<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion\" style=\"border-color: #28303D;\" id=\"ub-content-toggle-panel-block-\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-title-wrap\" style=\"background-color: #28303D;\" aria-controls=\"ub-content-toggle-panel-2-e2149bd0-cf3b-4252-bd04-cb3a7d2a6f01\" tabindex=\"0\">\n\t\t\t<h4 class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-title ub-content-toggle-title-e2149bd0-cf3b-4252-bd04-cb3a7d2a6f01\" style=\"color: #D1D1E4; \">Substance-related and addictive disorders<\/h4>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-toggle-wrap right\" style=\"color: #D1D1E4;\"><span class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-state-indicator wp-block-ub-chevron-down\"><\/span><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-expanded=\"false\" class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-content-wrap ub-hide\" id=\"ub-content-toggle-panel-2-e2149bd0-cf3b-4252-bd04-cb3a7d2a6f01\">\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">excessive or misused drugs, alcohol or medications that result in impaired functioning. Includes behavioral addictions eg gambling<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion\" style=\"border-color: #28303D;\" id=\"ub-content-toggle-panel-block-\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-title-wrap\" style=\"background-color: #28303D;\" aria-controls=\"ub-content-toggle-panel-3-e2149bd0-cf3b-4252-bd04-cb3a7d2a6f01\" tabindex=\"0\">\n\t\t\t<h4 class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-title ub-content-toggle-title-e2149bd0-cf3b-4252-bd04-cb3a7d2a6f01\" style=\"color: #D1D1E4; \">Schizophrenia Spectrum &amp; Other Psychotic Disorders<\/h4>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-toggle-wrap right\" style=\"color: #D1D1E4;\"><span class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-state-indicator wp-block-ub-chevron-down\"><\/span><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-expanded=\"false\" class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-content-wrap ub-hide\" id=\"ub-content-toggle-panel-3-e2149bd0-cf3b-4252-bd04-cb3a7d2a6f01\">\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Disorders marked by:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>severe impairment in thinking and perception<\/li><li>often involves <ul><li>delusions<\/li><li>hallucinations<\/li><li>inappropriate affect<\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul>\n\n<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion\" style=\"border-color: #28303D;\" id=\"ub-content-toggle-panel-block-\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-title-wrap\" style=\"background-color: #28303D;\" aria-controls=\"ub-content-toggle-panel-4-e2149bd0-cf3b-4252-bd04-cb3a7d2a6f01\" tabindex=\"0\">\n\t\t\t<h4 class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-title ub-content-toggle-title-e2149bd0-cf3b-4252-bd04-cb3a7d2a6f01\" style=\"color: #D1D1E4; \">Bipolar &amp; Related Disorders<\/h4>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-toggle-wrap right\" style=\"color: #D1D1E4;\"><span class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-state-indicator wp-block-ub-chevron-down\"><\/span><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-expanded=\"false\" class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-content-wrap ub-hide\" id=\"ub-content-toggle-panel-4-e2149bd0-cf3b-4252-bd04-cb3a7d2a6f01\">\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Episodes of mania\/hypomania alternative with normal\/depressed mood<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion\" style=\"border-color: #28303D;\" id=\"ub-content-toggle-panel-block-\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-title-wrap\" style=\"background-color: #28303D;\" aria-controls=\"ub-content-toggle-panel-5-e2149bd0-cf3b-4252-bd04-cb3a7d2a6f01\" tabindex=\"0\">\n\t\t\t<h4 class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-title ub-content-toggle-title-e2149bd0-cf3b-4252-bd04-cb3a7d2a6f01\" style=\"color: #D1D1E4; \">Depressive disorder<\/h4>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-toggle-wrap right\" style=\"color: #D1D1E4;\"><span class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-state-indicator wp-block-ub-chevron-down\"><\/span><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-expanded=\"false\" class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-content-wrap ub-hide\" id=\"ub-content-toggle-panel-5-e2149bd0-cf3b-4252-bd04-cb3a7d2a6f01\">\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Feelings of:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>sadness<\/li><li>emptiness<\/li><li>social withdrawal<\/li><\/ul>\n\n<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion\" style=\"border-color: #28303D;\" id=\"ub-content-toggle-panel-block-\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-title-wrap\" style=\"background-color: #28303D;\" aria-controls=\"ub-content-toggle-panel-6-e2149bd0-cf3b-4252-bd04-cb3a7d2a6f01\" tabindex=\"0\">\n\t\t\t<h4 class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-title ub-content-toggle-title-e2149bd0-cf3b-4252-bd04-cb3a7d2a6f01\" style=\"color: #D1D1E4; \">Anxiety Disorders<\/h4>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-toggle-wrap right\" style=\"color: #D1D1E4;\"><span class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-state-indicator wp-block-ub-chevron-down\"><\/span><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-expanded=\"false\" class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-content-wrap ub-hide\" id=\"ub-content-toggle-panel-6-e2149bd0-cf3b-4252-bd04-cb3a7d2a6f01\">\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Disorders characterized by excessive or irrational anxiety\/fear.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Often accompanied by avoidance behaviors<\/li><li>and fearful thoughts\/worry<\/li><\/ul>\n\n<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion\" style=\"border-color: #28303D;\" id=\"ub-content-toggle-panel-block-\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-title-wrap\" style=\"background-color: #28303D;\" aria-controls=\"ub-content-toggle-panel-7-e2149bd0-cf3b-4252-bd04-cb3a7d2a6f01\" tabindex=\"0\">\n\t\t\t<h4 class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-title ub-content-toggle-title-e2149bd0-cf3b-4252-bd04-cb3a7d2a6f01\" style=\"color: #D1D1E4; \">Obsessive-compulsive &amp; Related Disorders<\/h4>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-toggle-wrap right\" style=\"color: #D1D1E4;\"><span class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-state-indicator wp-block-ub-chevron-down\"><\/span><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-expanded=\"false\" class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-content-wrap ub-hide\" id=\"ub-content-toggle-panel-7-e2149bd0-cf3b-4252-bd04-cb3a7d2a6f01\">\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Disorders characterized by obsessions (recurrent thoughts) and\/or compulsions (repetitive behaviors) and other compulsive behavior such as hoarding<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion\" style=\"border-color: #28303D;\" id=\"ub-content-toggle-panel-block-\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-title-wrap\" style=\"background-color: #28303D;\" aria-controls=\"ub-content-toggle-panel-8-e2149bd0-cf3b-4252-bd04-cb3a7d2a6f01\" tabindex=\"0\">\n\t\t\t<h4 class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-title ub-content-toggle-title-e2149bd0-cf3b-4252-bd04-cb3a7d2a6f01\" style=\"color: #D1D1E4; \">Trauma &amp; Stressor-related Disorders<\/h4>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-toggle-wrap right\" style=\"color: #D1D1E4;\"><span class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-state-indicator wp-block-ub-chevron-down\"><\/span><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-expanded=\"false\" class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-content-wrap ub-hide\" id=\"ub-content-toggle-panel-8-e2149bd0-cf3b-4252-bd04-cb3a7d2a6f01\">\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Disorders associated with chronic\/acute reactions to trauma &amp; stress<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion\" style=\"border-color: #28303D;\" id=\"ub-content-toggle-panel-block-\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-title-wrap\" style=\"background-color: #28303D;\" aria-controls=\"ub-content-toggle-panel-9-e2149bd0-cf3b-4252-bd04-cb3a7d2a6f01\" tabindex=\"0\">\n\t\t\t<h4 class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-title ub-content-toggle-title-e2149bd0-cf3b-4252-bd04-cb3a7d2a6f01\" style=\"color: #D1D1E4; \">Somatice symptom &amp; related Disorders<\/h4>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-toggle-wrap right\" style=\"color: #D1D1E4;\"><span class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-state-indicator wp-block-ub-chevron-down\"><\/span><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-expanded=\"false\" class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-content-wrap ub-hide\" id=\"ub-content-toggle-panel-9-e2149bd0-cf3b-4252-bd04-cb3a7d2a6f01\">\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Disorders involving physical symptoms that cause distress and disability, including high levels of health anxiety &amp; disproportionate concern over boldly dysfunction.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion\" style=\"border-color: #28303D;\" id=\"ub-content-toggle-panel-block-\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-title-wrap\" style=\"background-color: #28303D;\" aria-controls=\"ub-content-toggle-panel-10-e2149bd0-cf3b-4252-bd04-cb3a7d2a6f01\" tabindex=\"0\">\n\t\t\t<h4 class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-title ub-content-toggle-title-e2149bd0-cf3b-4252-bd04-cb3a7d2a6f01\" style=\"color: #D1D1E4; \">Dissociative Disorders<\/h4>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-toggle-wrap right\" style=\"color: #D1D1E4;\"><span class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-state-indicator wp-block-ub-chevron-down\"><\/span><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-expanded=\"false\" class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-content-wrap ub-hide\" id=\"ub-content-toggle-panel-10-e2149bd0-cf3b-4252-bd04-cb3a7d2a6f01\">\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Disturbance or alteration in memory, identity or consciousness, including:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li> amnesia<\/li><li>having two or more distinct personalities<\/li><li>feelings of <strong>depersonalization<\/strong>:<ul><li>the feeling that you&#8217;re observing yourself from outside your body<\/li><li>you have a sense that things around you aren&#8217;t real<\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul>\n\n<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion\" style=\"border-color: #28303D;\" id=\"ub-content-toggle-panel-block-\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-title-wrap\" style=\"background-color: #28303D;\" aria-controls=\"ub-content-toggle-panel-11-e2149bd0-cf3b-4252-bd04-cb3a7d2a6f01\" tabindex=\"0\">\n\t\t\t<h4 class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-title ub-content-toggle-title-e2149bd0-cf3b-4252-bd04-cb3a7d2a6f01\" style=\"color: #D1D1E4; \">Sexual Dysfunctions<\/h4>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-toggle-wrap right\" style=\"color: #D1D1E4;\"><span class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-state-indicator wp-block-ub-chevron-down\"><\/span><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-expanded=\"false\" class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-content-wrap ub-hide\" id=\"ub-content-toggle-panel-11-e2149bd0-cf3b-4252-bd04-cb3a7d2a6f01\">\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Disorders involving the disruption of any stage of a normal sexual response cycle including:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>desire<\/li><li>arousal<\/li><li>orgasm<\/li><\/ul>\n\n<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion\" style=\"border-color: #28303D;\" id=\"ub-content-toggle-panel-block-\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-title-wrap\" style=\"background-color: #28303D;\" aria-controls=\"ub-content-toggle-panel-12-e2149bd0-cf3b-4252-bd04-cb3a7d2a6f01\" tabindex=\"0\">\n\t\t\t<h4 class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-title ub-content-toggle-title-e2149bd0-cf3b-4252-bd04-cb3a7d2a6f01\" style=\"color: #D1D1E4; \">Gender Dysphoria<\/h4>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-toggle-wrap right\" style=\"color: #D1D1E4;\"><span class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-state-indicator wp-block-ub-chevron-down\"><\/span><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-expanded=\"false\" class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-content-wrap ub-hide\" id=\"ub-content-toggle-panel-12-e2149bd0-cf3b-4252-bd04-cb3a7d2a6f01\">\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Significant distress associated with conflict between biological sex and gender identity.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion\" style=\"border-color: #28303D;\" id=\"ub-content-toggle-panel-block-\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-title-wrap\" style=\"background-color: #28303D;\" aria-controls=\"ub-content-toggle-panel-13-e2149bd0-cf3b-4252-bd04-cb3a7d2a6f01\" tabindex=\"0\">\n\t\t\t<h4 class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-title ub-content-toggle-title-e2149bd0-cf3b-4252-bd04-cb3a7d2a6f01\" style=\"color: #D1D1E4; \">Paraphilic Disorders<\/h4>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-toggle-wrap right\" style=\"color: #D1D1E4;\"><span class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-state-indicator wp-block-ub-chevron-down\"><\/span><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-expanded=\"false\" class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-content-wrap ub-hide\" id=\"ub-content-toggle-panel-13-e2149bd0-cf3b-4252-bd04-cb3a7d2a6f01\">\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Recurrent, intensive sexual fantasies or urges involving nonhuman objects, pain, humiliation, or children<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion\" style=\"border-color: #28303D;\" id=\"ub-content-toggle-panel-block-\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-title-wrap\" style=\"background-color: #28303D;\" aria-controls=\"ub-content-toggle-panel-14-e2149bd0-cf3b-4252-bd04-cb3a7d2a6f01\" tabindex=\"0\">\n\t\t\t<h4 class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-title ub-content-toggle-title-e2149bd0-cf3b-4252-bd04-cb3a7d2a6f01\" style=\"color: #D1D1E4; \">Eating Disorders<\/h4>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-toggle-wrap right\" style=\"color: #D1D1E4;\"><span class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-state-indicator wp-block-ub-chevron-down\"><\/span><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-expanded=\"false\" class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-content-wrap ub-hide\" id=\"ub-content-toggle-panel-14-e2149bd0-cf3b-4252-bd04-cb3a7d2a6f01\">\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Disturbed eating patterns and body dissatisfaction involving binging, purging &amp; excessive dieting<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion\" style=\"border-color: #28303D;\" id=\"ub-content-toggle-panel-block-\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-title-wrap\" style=\"background-color: #28303D;\" aria-controls=\"ub-content-toggle-panel-15-e2149bd0-cf3b-4252-bd04-cb3a7d2a6f01\" tabindex=\"0\">\n\t\t\t<h4 class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-title ub-content-toggle-title-e2149bd0-cf3b-4252-bd04-cb3a7d2a6f01\" style=\"color: #D1D1E4; \">Sleep-Wake Disorders<\/h4>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-toggle-wrap right\" style=\"color: #D1D1E4;\"><span class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-state-indicator wp-block-ub-chevron-down\"><\/span><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-expanded=\"false\" class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-content-wrap ub-hide\" id=\"ub-content-toggle-panel-15-e2149bd0-cf3b-4252-bd04-cb3a7d2a6f01\">\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Problems in:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>initiating\/maintaining sleep<\/li><li>excessive sleepiness<\/li><li>sleep disruptions<\/li><li>sleepwalking<\/li><li>repeated nightmares that wake you up<\/li><\/ul>\n\n<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion\" style=\"border-color: #28303D;\" id=\"ub-content-toggle-panel-block-\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-title-wrap\" style=\"background-color: #28303D;\" aria-controls=\"ub-content-toggle-panel-16-e2149bd0-cf3b-4252-bd04-cb3a7d2a6f01\" tabindex=\"0\">\n\t\t\t<h4 class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-title ub-content-toggle-title-e2149bd0-cf3b-4252-bd04-cb3a7d2a6f01\" style=\"color: #D1D1E4; \">Personify Disorders<\/h4>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-toggle-wrap right\" style=\"color: #D1D1E4;\"><span class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-state-indicator wp-block-ub-chevron-down\"><\/span><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-expanded=\"false\" class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-content-wrap ub-hide\" id=\"ub-content-toggle-panel-16-e2149bd0-cf3b-4252-bd04-cb3a7d2a6f01\">\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Disorders involving personality traits that are:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>inflexible<\/li><li>maladaptive<\/li><li>notably impair functioning<\/li><li>cause subjective distress<\/li><\/ul>\n\n<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"36-assignment-1-d-african\">Assignment 1 d: African<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<div id=\"block-a05bdf0f-26e0-4ac0-9540-4c6a716cbffc\" class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/allalignedhealing.com\/unisapsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/image.jpeg\" alt=\"This image has an empty alt attribute; its file name is image.jpeg\" width=\"609\" height=\"373\"\/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"37-psychopathology-from-an-african-perspective\">Psychopathology from an African Perspective<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"38-why-do-we-need-an-african-understanding\">Why do we need an African understanding?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/allalignedhealing.com\/unisapsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/need-for-african.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"611\" height=\"339\"\/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\" id=\"block-51350873-ec6f-44aa-b532-79a6be07b37d\"><li>Western Psychology collaborated in the oppression of blacks and Africans, through prejudice, stereotyping and discrimination.<\/li><li>Western psychology does not speak well to the lived experience of black and poor people, and is not open and available to them.<\/li><li>Western Psychology does not accurately represent and therefore is not easily applicable to African life and mentality.<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"39-3-levels-of-acculturation\">3 Levels of acculturation<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\" id=\"block-dbe9213b-ea06-467e-b328-9eb715e332b1\"><li>Traditional<\/li><li>Transitional<\/li><li>Modern<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<div id=\"block-cf401824-f6b2-4e93-b8e8-f293bae642fc\" class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/allalignedhealing.com\/unisapsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/fashion.jpeg\" alt=\"This image has an empty alt attribute; its file name is fashion.jpeg\" width=\"443\" height=\"667\"\/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle wp-block-ub-content-toggle-block\" id=\"ub-content-toggle-block-a82ee2fc-380f-4ee0-82ca-982af4b3d8b7\" data-mobilecollapse=\"true\" data-desktopcollapse=\"false\" data-preventcollapse=\"false\" data-showonlyone=\"true\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion\" style=\"border-color: #39414D;\" id=\"ub-content-toggle-panel-block-\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-title-wrap\" style=\"background-color: #39414D;\" aria-controls=\"ub-content-toggle-panel-0-a82ee2fc-380f-4ee0-82ca-982af4b3d8b7\" tabindex=\"0\">\n\t\t\t<h4 class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-title ub-content-toggle-title-a82ee2fc-380f-4ee0-82ca-982af4b3d8b7\" style=\"color: #EEEADD; \">Etics<\/h4>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-toggle-wrap right\" style=\"color: #000000;\"><span class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-state-indicator wp-block-ub-chevron-down\"><\/span><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-expanded=\"false\" class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-content-wrap ub-hide\" id=\"ub-content-toggle-panel-0-a82ee2fc-380f-4ee0-82ca-982af4b3d8b7\">\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">intercultural commonalities, universal psychological truths eg facial expressions that correlate with emotions.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion\" style=\"border-color: #39414D;\" id=\"ub-content-toggle-panel-block-\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-title-wrap\" style=\"background-color: #39414D;\" aria-controls=\"ub-content-toggle-panel-1-a82ee2fc-380f-4ee0-82ca-982af4b3d8b7\" tabindex=\"0\">\n\t\t\t<h4 class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-title ub-content-toggle-title-a82ee2fc-380f-4ee0-82ca-982af4b3d8b7\" style=\"color: #EEEADD; \">Emics<\/h4>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-toggle-wrap right\" style=\"color: #000000;\"><span class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-state-indicator wp-block-ub-chevron-down\"><\/span><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-expanded=\"false\" class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-content-wrap ub-hide\" id=\"ub-content-toggle-panel-1-a82ee2fc-380f-4ee0-82ca-982af4b3d8b7\">\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">culturally specific findings, relative truths eg: the calling of the ancestors &#8211; ukuthwasa<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized\" id=\"block-64037b07-4a58-4556-afe7-c7921a99aea3\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/allalignedhealing.com\/unisapsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/image-1.jpeg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1314\" width=\"613\" height=\"453\"\/><figcaption>Etics<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\" id=\"block-5c5a8f2f-f13f-4831-b47a-7714b032e084\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.atlasobscura.com\/articles\/1962-laughter-epidemic-tanganyika\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/allalignedhealing.com\/unisapsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/laughing-disease-1024x576.jpeg\" alt=\"This image has an empty alt attribute; its file name is laughing-disease-1024x576.jpeg\"\/><\/a><figcaption>Emics<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"40-the-role-of-culture-in-psychopathology\">The role of culture in psychopathology<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\" id=\"block-d1429d2a-430a-4dac-a5c4-88a17fb30ac7\"><li>Culturally specific <strong>stressors <\/strong>eg: racial discrimination<\/li><li>some <strong>syndromes are more common<\/strong> in some cultures eg: Foetal alcohol syndrome in the Cape Wineland&#8217;s rural poor<\/li><li>Some cultures may be <strong>more or less psychopathologic<\/strong><\/li><li>Some mental disorders are universal, but their<strong> cultural content<\/strong> is culture specific eg: hearing Jesus or hearing the Prophet Mohammed in schizophrenia<\/li><li>Different cultures <strong>tolerate<\/strong> mental illness to a different extent<\/li><li>And<strong> interpret<\/strong> mental illness differently<\/li><li>Cultural <strong>transitions<\/strong> can also cause psychopathology, such as an increase in suicide, aggression or drug addictions<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"41-african-world-view\">African World view<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" id=\"block-c603b5ef-9dcc-430c-b7e3-36b3d921587d\">People choose between their worldviews based on what is available and many other factors to understand and treat mental illness as it arises.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image is-resized\" id=\"block-d18623e6-492b-4a42-80d2-5e939233ced0\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/allalignedhealing.com\/unisapsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/ubuntu.jpeg\" alt=\"This image has an empty alt attribute; its file name is ubuntu.jpeg\" width=\"611\" height=\"331\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" id=\"block-1446b3af-4e7f-46c2-9030-65973a20cd57\"><strong>Ubuntu:<\/strong> Strong emphasis on the social, on community, and on humanity as the centre of the universe.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" id=\"block-ec2a77d4-1317-42dc-97f1-2d36937f4f2e\">Everything is filled with spirit. There are both natural and supernatural causes for illness.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" id=\"block-5a43d333-88e1-492d-8655-be14117bfdce\">Everybody is interconnected. Success is about contributing to, and being part of, the community and extended family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" id=\"block-220950a1-45f9-4440-bdf8-72bd37326ca4\">The past is important, and needs to be understood. The future has not yet happened and is less emphasized.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>African healing<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Western healing<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>natural &amp; spiritual causes<\/td><td>scientific causes<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>supernatural, holistic<\/td><td>fear of supernatural<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>magical<\/td><td>positivistic<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>harmony with nature<\/td><td>mastery of<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>harmony with universe<\/td><td>mastery of<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>present-oriented<\/td><td>future-oriented<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>desire to follow tradition<\/td><td>desire to succeed<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>respect for elderly\/ancestors<\/td><td>disregard<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>group over individual<\/td><td>personal success over group<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>cooperative<\/td><td>competitive<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>self-depreciation<\/td><td>individualist &amp; aggressive<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>holistic<\/td><td>analytical<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>home and family<\/td><td>migratory, upward mobility<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>intuitive, spiritual<\/td><td>consciousness &amp; intelligence<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>subjective<\/td><td>objective<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>natural &amp; humanistic<\/td><td>technological &amp; scientific<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>intuitively logical<\/td><td>empirically logical<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Paraphrased from Stricken, 1990, p14<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image is-resized\" id=\"block-79dc405b-9348-42f4-b746-293e920d51e4\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/allalignedhealing.com\/unisapsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/sangoma.jpg\" alt=\"This image has an empty alt attribute; its file name is sangoma.jpg\" width=\"607\" height=\"607\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"42-traditional-african-perspective-on-psychopathology\">Traditional African Perspective on Psychopathology<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" id=\"block-1d584a89-73e4-4eb3-93c9-2401c61c984d\">Mind, body and spirit are seen holistically. In unity and interconnection.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" id=\"block-23de65b7-b05e-4346-bf8c-36ad27aa8c46\">There is also a strong emphasis on being part of the group and on relationships, not only with the tangible world of people and nature, but also with the intangible world and the ancestors.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" id=\"block-8ee52715-668d-4fd6-b4d8-8620074e1f2a\">Mental problems arise because of the failure of human relations and disruption of social equilibrium and behaviors such as being selfish, aggressive or envious are seen as pathological. So harmony is encouraged.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" id=\"block-9046704b-a5c0-481b-a8dc-ee0efc8c0fee\">Why rather than how is the question, and the supernatural realm is often seen as the cause.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\" id=\"block-64a834a5-2705-4096-8dc5-a8477a4dd122\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/allalignedhealing.com\/unisapsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/supernatural-1024x1024.jpeg\" alt=\"This image has an empty alt attribute; its file name is supernatural-1024x1024.jpeg\"\/><figcaption>Artist Buhlebezwe Siwani<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"43-supernatural-possible-causes-for-mental-illness-ukufa-kwabantu-\">Supernatural possible causes for mental illness: <strong>Ukufa kwabantu<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\" id=\"block-2abc823d-f323-4d11-842f-3b35abb71ede\"><li>sorcery<\/li><li>disharmony between a person and their ancestors<\/li><li>Punishment from God\/Gods<\/li><li>A curse<\/li><li>offense against God\/Gods<\/li><li>Disruption of harmony in the past<\/li><li>natural causes &#8211; <strong>Umkhuhlane&nbsp;<\/strong><\/li><li>breaking of taboos or traditional customs<\/li><li>disruption in social relationships<\/li><li>angry ancestors<\/li><li>possession by evil spirit<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" id=\"block-6af20c24-2f4e-46bf-9e29-2f604aaa9357\">The illness lies in the collective, not in the individual. It is all about interpersonal relationships.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" id=\"block-91cff087-197b-4018-aac7-66b6fce69600\">Traditional norms and rituals are an important part of healing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" id=\"block-6ebae681-9b18-42e7-8ffe-f9bb658b0de6\">The ancestors are angry if traditional social rites around birth, marriage, death and initiation are not performed, or if offerings of animal sacrifice and beer are not given. If the ancestors are not informed of developments in the family, they are displeased. Finally, the ancestors and God can decide whether or not to cure an illness.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image is-resized\" id=\"block-76e74925-e720-418b-8673-ab4cba8d348d\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/allalignedhealing.com\/unisapsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/ancestors.jpeg\" alt=\"This image has an empty alt attribute; its file name is ancestors.jpeg\" width=\"609\" height=\"458\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"44-key-terminology\">Key terminology<\/h2>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle wp-block-ub-content-toggle-block\" id=\"ub-content-toggle-block-3b037faa-6243-43a1-a2cb-4027c93e3d14\" data-mobilecollapse=\"true\" data-desktopcollapse=\"false\" data-preventcollapse=\"false\" data-showonlyone=\"true\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion\" style=\"border-color: #E4D1D1;\" id=\"ub-content-toggle-panel-block-\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-title-wrap\" style=\"background-color: #E4D1D1;\" aria-controls=\"ub-content-toggle-panel-0-3b037faa-6243-43a1-a2cb-4027c93e3d14\" tabindex=\"0\">\n\t\t\t<h4 class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-title ub-content-toggle-title-3b037faa-6243-43a1-a2cb-4027c93e3d14\" style=\"color: #000000; \">Ukufa kwabantu<\/h4>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-toggle-wrap right\" style=\"color: #000000;\"><span class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-state-indicator wp-block-ub-chevron-down\"><\/span><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-expanded=\"false\" class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-content-wrap ub-hide\" id=\"ub-content-toggle-panel-0-3b037faa-6243-43a1-a2cb-4027c93e3d14\">\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Illness caused by the supernatural, eg: ancestors<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion\" style=\"border-color: #E4D1D1;\" id=\"ub-content-toggle-panel-block-\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-title-wrap\" style=\"background-color: #E4D1D1;\" aria-controls=\"ub-content-toggle-panel-1-3b037faa-6243-43a1-a2cb-4027c93e3d14\" tabindex=\"0\">\n\t\t\t<h4 class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-title ub-content-toggle-title-3b037faa-6243-43a1-a2cb-4027c93e3d14\" style=\"color: #000000; \">Umkhuhlane<\/h4>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-toggle-wrap right\" style=\"color: #000000;\"><span class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-state-indicator wp-block-ub-chevron-down\"><\/span><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-expanded=\"false\" class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-content-wrap ub-hide\" id=\"ub-content-toggle-panel-1-3b037faa-6243-43a1-a2cb-4027c93e3d14\">\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Illness from natural causes<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion\" style=\"border-color: #E4D1D1;\" id=\"ub-content-toggle-panel-block-\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-title-wrap\" style=\"background-color: #E4D1D1;\" aria-controls=\"ub-content-toggle-panel-2-3b037faa-6243-43a1-a2cb-4027c93e3d14\" tabindex=\"0\">\n\t\t\t<h4 class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-title ub-content-toggle-title-3b037faa-6243-43a1-a2cb-4027c93e3d14\" style=\"color: #000000; \">Abaphansi basifulathele<\/h4>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-toggle-wrap right\" style=\"color: #000000;\"><span class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-state-indicator wp-block-ub-chevron-down\"><\/span><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-expanded=\"false\" class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-content-wrap ub-hide\" id=\"ub-content-toggle-panel-2-3b037faa-6243-43a1-a2cb-4027c93e3d14\">\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Ancestors have withdrawn their protection<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion\" style=\"border-color: #E4D1D1;\" id=\"ub-content-toggle-panel-block-\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-title-wrap\" style=\"background-color: #E4D1D1;\" aria-controls=\"ub-content-toggle-panel-3-3b037faa-6243-43a1-a2cb-4027c93e3d14\" tabindex=\"0\">\n\t\t\t<h4 class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-title ub-content-toggle-title-3b037faa-6243-43a1-a2cb-4027c93e3d14\" style=\"color: #000000; \">Badimo ba re furaletse<\/h4>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-toggle-wrap right\" style=\"color: #000000;\"><span class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-state-indicator wp-block-ub-chevron-down\"><\/span><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-expanded=\"false\" class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-content-wrap ub-hide\" id=\"ub-content-toggle-panel-3-3b037faa-6243-43a1-a2cb-4027c93e3d14\">\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The ancestors have withdrawn their protection<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion\" style=\"border-color: #E4D1D1;\" id=\"ub-content-toggle-panel-block-\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-title-wrap\" style=\"background-color: #E4D1D1;\" aria-controls=\"ub-content-toggle-panel-4-3b037faa-6243-43a1-a2cb-4027c93e3d14\" tabindex=\"0\">\n\t\t\t<h4 class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-title ub-content-toggle-title-3b037faa-6243-43a1-a2cb-4027c93e3d14\" style=\"color: #000000; \">Ukuthwasa<\/h4>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-toggle-wrap right\" style=\"color: #000000;\"><span class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-state-indicator wp-block-ub-chevron-down\"><\/span><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-expanded=\"false\" class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-content-wrap ub-hide\" id=\"ub-content-toggle-panel-4-3b037faa-6243-43a1-a2cb-4027c93e3d14\">\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Creative illness which is a calling from the ancestors to become a diviner, or a spiritual awakening<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion\" style=\"border-color: #E4D1D1;\" id=\"ub-content-toggle-panel-block-\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-title-wrap\" style=\"background-color: #E4D1D1;\" aria-controls=\"ub-content-toggle-panel-5-3b037faa-6243-43a1-a2cb-4027c93e3d14\" tabindex=\"0\">\n\t\t\t<h4 class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-title ub-content-toggle-title-3b037faa-6243-43a1-a2cb-4027c93e3d14\" style=\"color: #000000; \">Amadlozi (Zulu)<\/h4>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-toggle-wrap right\" style=\"color: #000000;\"><span class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-state-indicator wp-block-ub-chevron-down\"><\/span><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-expanded=\"false\" class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-content-wrap ub-hide\" id=\"ub-content-toggle-panel-5-3b037faa-6243-43a1-a2cb-4027c93e3d14\">\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ancestors. The ancestors are benevolent protectors of the people of the tribe and their families. They serve as intermediaries between the people and God.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion\" style=\"border-color: #E4D1D1;\" id=\"ub-content-toggle-panel-block-\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-title-wrap\" style=\"background-color: #E4D1D1;\" aria-controls=\"ub-content-toggle-panel-6-3b037faa-6243-43a1-a2cb-4027c93e3d14\" tabindex=\"0\">\n\t\t\t<h4 class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-title ub-content-toggle-title-3b037faa-6243-43a1-a2cb-4027c93e3d14\" style=\"color: #000000; \">Badimo (Sotho)<\/h4>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-toggle-wrap right\" style=\"color: #000000;\"><span class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-state-indicator wp-block-ub-chevron-down\"><\/span><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-expanded=\"false\" class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-content-wrap ub-hide\" id=\"ub-content-toggle-panel-6-3b037faa-6243-43a1-a2cb-4027c93e3d14\">\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ancestors<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion\" style=\"border-color: #E4D1D1;\" id=\"ub-content-toggle-panel-block-\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-title-wrap\" style=\"background-color: #E4D1D1;\" aria-controls=\"ub-content-toggle-panel-7-3b037faa-6243-43a1-a2cb-4027c93e3d14\" tabindex=\"0\">\n\t\t\t<h4 class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-title ub-content-toggle-title-3b037faa-6243-43a1-a2cb-4027c93e3d14\" style=\"color: #000000; \">Umnyama<\/h4>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-toggle-wrap right\" style=\"color: #000000;\"><span class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-state-indicator wp-block-ub-chevron-down\"><\/span><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-expanded=\"false\" class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-content-wrap ub-hide\" id=\"ub-content-toggle-panel-7-3b037faa-6243-43a1-a2cb-4027c93e3d14\">\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Illness or adversity because of a state of impurity caused by being in contact with a polluted environment where birth, death, miscarriage, abortion or menstruation have occurred<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion\" style=\"border-color: #E4D1D1;\" id=\"ub-content-toggle-panel-block-\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-title-wrap\" style=\"background-color: #E4D1D1;\" aria-controls=\"ub-content-toggle-panel-8-3b037faa-6243-43a1-a2cb-4027c93e3d14\" tabindex=\"0\">\n\t\t\t<h4 class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-title ub-content-toggle-title-3b037faa-6243-43a1-a2cb-4027c93e3d14\" style=\"color: #000000; \">Senyama<\/h4>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-toggle-wrap right\" style=\"color: #000000;\"><span class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-state-indicator wp-block-ub-chevron-down\"><\/span><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-expanded=\"false\" class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-content-wrap ub-hide\" id=\"ub-content-toggle-panel-8-3b037faa-6243-43a1-a2cb-4027c93e3d14\">\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Illness or adversity because of a state of impurity caused by being in contact with a polluted environment where birth, death, miscarriage, abortion or menstruation have occurred<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion\" style=\"border-color: #E4D1D1;\" id=\"ub-content-toggle-panel-block-\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-title-wrap\" style=\"background-color: #E4D1D1;\" aria-controls=\"ub-content-toggle-panel-9-3b037faa-6243-43a1-a2cb-4027c93e3d14\" tabindex=\"0\">\n\t\t\t<h4 class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-title ub-content-toggle-title-3b037faa-6243-43a1-a2cb-4027c93e3d14\" style=\"color: #000000; \">Umkhondo omubi<\/h4>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-toggle-wrap right\" style=\"color: #000000;\"><span class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-state-indicator wp-block-ub-chevron-down\"><\/span><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-expanded=\"false\" class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-content-wrap ub-hide\" id=\"ub-content-toggle-panel-9-3b037faa-6243-43a1-a2cb-4027c93e3d14\">\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&#8220;Crossing a dangerous track&#8221;<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion\" style=\"border-color: #E4D1D1;\" id=\"ub-content-toggle-panel-block-\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-title-wrap\" style=\"background-color: #E4D1D1;\" aria-controls=\"ub-content-toggle-panel-10-3b037faa-6243-43a1-a2cb-4027c93e3d14\" tabindex=\"0\">\n\t\t\t<h4 class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-title ub-content-toggle-title-3b037faa-6243-43a1-a2cb-4027c93e3d14\" style=\"color: #000000; \">Mohlala o mobe<\/h4>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-toggle-wrap right\" style=\"color: #000000;\"><span class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-state-indicator wp-block-ub-chevron-down\"><\/span><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-expanded=\"false\" class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-content-wrap ub-hide\" id=\"ub-content-toggle-panel-10-3b037faa-6243-43a1-a2cb-4027c93e3d14\">\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&#8220;Crossing a dangerous track&#8221; When you go to a new area without first strengthening yourself, you may become ill because of the new environment. You may cross a dangerous track which may make you ill.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion\" style=\"border-color: #E4D1D1;\" id=\"ub-content-toggle-panel-block-\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-title-wrap\" style=\"background-color: #E4D1D1;\" aria-controls=\"ub-content-toggle-panel-11-3b037faa-6243-43a1-a2cb-4027c93e3d14\" tabindex=\"0\">\n\t\t\t<h4 class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-title ub-content-toggle-title-3b037faa-6243-43a1-a2cb-4027c93e3d14\" style=\"color: #000000; \">imimoya emibi<\/h4>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-toggle-wrap right\" style=\"color: #000000;\"><span class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-state-indicator wp-block-ub-chevron-down\"><\/span><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-expanded=\"false\" class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-content-wrap ub-hide\" id=\"ub-content-toggle-panel-11-3b037faa-6243-43a1-a2cb-4027c93e3d14\">\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>polluted air<\/strong>: People or animals leave tracks wherever they go. These tracks may be inhaled as polluted air, which can contaminate you. Touching or stepping over the track can also contaminate you.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion\" style=\"border-color: #E4D1D1;\" id=\"ub-content-toggle-panel-block-\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-title-wrap\" style=\"background-color: #E4D1D1;\" aria-controls=\"ub-content-toggle-panel-12-3b037faa-6243-43a1-a2cb-4027c93e3d14\" tabindex=\"0\">\n\t\t\t<h4 class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-title ub-content-toggle-title-3b037faa-6243-43a1-a2cb-4027c93e3d14\" style=\"color: #000000; \">moya o mobe<\/h4>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-toggle-wrap right\" style=\"color: #000000;\"><span class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-state-indicator wp-block-ub-chevron-down\"><\/span><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-expanded=\"false\" class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-content-wrap ub-hide\" id=\"ub-content-toggle-panel-12-3b037faa-6243-43a1-a2cb-4027c93e3d14\">\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Polluted air<\/strong> &#8211; think of the bad vibes of a train subway and how they affect you. Pregnant women and newborns need to be protected from contaminated and polluted environments &#8211; sometimes by staying indoors for a while.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion\" style=\"border-color: #E4D1D1;\" id=\"ub-content-toggle-panel-block-\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-title-wrap\" style=\"background-color: #E4D1D1;\" aria-controls=\"ub-content-toggle-panel-13-3b037faa-6243-43a1-a2cb-4027c93e3d14\" tabindex=\"0\">\n\t\t\t<h4 class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-title ub-content-toggle-title-3b037faa-6243-43a1-a2cb-4027c93e3d14\" style=\"color: #000000; \">Mokgotlhane<\/h4>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-toggle-wrap right\" style=\"color: #000000;\"><span class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-state-indicator wp-block-ub-chevron-down\"><\/span><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-expanded=\"false\" class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-content-wrap ub-hide\" id=\"ub-content-toggle-panel-13-3b037faa-6243-43a1-a2cb-4027c93e3d14\">\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">minor illness eg Flu<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion\" style=\"border-color: #E4D1D1;\" id=\"ub-content-toggle-panel-block-\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-title-wrap\" style=\"background-color: #E4D1D1;\" aria-controls=\"ub-content-toggle-panel-14-3b037faa-6243-43a1-a2cb-4027c93e3d14\" tabindex=\"0\">\n\t\t\t<h4 class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-title ub-content-toggle-title-3b037faa-6243-43a1-a2cb-4027c93e3d14\" style=\"color: #000000; \">Umkhuhlane<\/h4>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-toggle-wrap right\" style=\"color: #000000;\"><span class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-state-indicator wp-block-ub-chevron-down\"><\/span><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-expanded=\"false\" class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-content-wrap ub-hide\" id=\"ub-content-toggle-panel-14-3b037faa-6243-43a1-a2cb-4027c93e3d14\">\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">= mokgotlhane<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion\" style=\"border-color: #E4D1D1;\" id=\"ub-content-toggle-panel-block-\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-title-wrap\" style=\"background-color: #E4D1D1;\" aria-controls=\"ub-content-toggle-panel-15-3b037faa-6243-43a1-a2cb-4027c93e3d14\" tabindex=\"0\">\n\t\t\t<h4 class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-title ub-content-toggle-title-3b037faa-6243-43a1-a2cb-4027c93e3d14\" style=\"color: #000000; \">Mmopi<\/h4>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-toggle-wrap right\" style=\"color: #000000;\"><span class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-state-indicator wp-block-ub-chevron-down\"><\/span><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-expanded=\"false\" class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-content-wrap ub-hide\" id=\"ub-content-toggle-panel-15-3b037faa-6243-43a1-a2cb-4027c93e3d14\">\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">God<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion\" style=\"border-color: #E4D1D1;\" id=\"ub-content-toggle-panel-block-\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-title-wrap\" style=\"background-color: #E4D1D1;\" aria-controls=\"ub-content-toggle-panel-16-3b037faa-6243-43a1-a2cb-4027c93e3d14\" tabindex=\"0\">\n\t\t\t<h4 class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-title ub-content-toggle-title-3b037faa-6243-43a1-a2cb-4027c93e3d14\" style=\"color: #000000; \">uMvelingqangi<\/h4>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-toggle-wrap right\" style=\"color: #000000;\"><span class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-state-indicator wp-block-ub-chevron-down\"><\/span><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-expanded=\"false\" class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-content-wrap ub-hide\" id=\"ub-content-toggle-panel-16-3b037faa-6243-43a1-a2cb-4027c93e3d14\">\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Mmopi\/God<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion\" style=\"border-color: #E4D1D1;\" id=\"ub-content-toggle-panel-block-\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-title-wrap\" style=\"background-color: #E4D1D1;\" aria-controls=\"ub-content-toggle-panel-17-3b037faa-6243-43a1-a2cb-4027c93e3d14\" tabindex=\"0\">\n\t\t\t<h4 class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-title ub-content-toggle-title-3b037faa-6243-43a1-a2cb-4027c93e3d14\" style=\"color: #000000; \">Sangoma<\/h4>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-toggle-wrap right\" style=\"color: #000000;\"><span class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-state-indicator wp-block-ub-chevron-down\"><\/span><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-expanded=\"false\" class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-content-wrap ub-hide\" id=\"ub-content-toggle-panel-17-3b037faa-6243-43a1-a2cb-4027c93e3d14\">\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">healer\/diviner, who has supernatural powers from God and the ancestors, helps treat mental illnesses of supernatural origin<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"45-culture-specific-syndromes\">Culture-specific syndromes<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/presentation\/d\/e\/2PACX-1vTw3pxvnEYnfZNcoVCtO9RB-JVNu67_a5hz7w7ZPIqcYHxXGY0Q2MwfLT6zZBiDDNExIjEnJ3AvFxGm\/embed?start=false&amp;loop=false&amp;delayms=10000\" frameborder=\"0\" width=\"960\" height=\"749\" allowfullscreen=\"true\" mozallowfullscreen=\"true\" webkitallowfullscreen=\"true\"><\/iframe>\n\n\n\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/quizlet.com\/677750061\/match\/embed?i=3l069y&amp;x=1jj1\" height=\"500\" width=\"100%\" style=\"border:0\"><\/iframe>\n\n\n\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/quizlet.com\/677750061\/test\/embed?i=3l069y&amp;x=1jj1\" height=\"500\" width=\"100%\" style=\"border:0\"><\/iframe>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"UNISA PYC3702 Abnormal Psychology Assignment 1\" width=\"750\" height=\"422\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/V3i1SWBKcGo?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n<div style=\"display:flex; gap:10px;justify-content:center\" class=\"wps-pgfw-pdf-generate-icon__wrapper-frontend\">\n\t\t<a  href=\"https:\/\/allalignedhealing.com\/unisapsych\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1304?action=genpdf&amp;id=1304\" class=\"pgfw-single-pdf-download-button\" ><img src=\"https:\/\/allalignedhealing.com\/unisapsych\/wp-content\/plugins\/pdf-generator-for-wp\/admin\/src\/images\/PDF_Tray.svg\" title=\"Generate PDF\" style=\"width:auto; height:50px;\"><\/a>\n\t\t<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Introduction Identifying, classifying, and describing abnormal behaviour Unisa study Guide Free resources and links Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental&hellip; <a class=\"more-link\" href=\"https:\/\/allalignedhealing.com\/unisapsych\/pyc3702-assignment-1\/\">Continue reading <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">PYC3702 Assignment 1 Abnormal Psychology<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_jetpack_hide_featured_image":false,"_jetpack_featured_image_duplicate_dismissed":0,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-1304","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry","entry"],"featured_image_src":null,"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.8 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>PYC3702 Assignment 1 Abnormal Psychology - Unisa Psych<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/allalignedhealing.com\/unisapsych\/pyc3702-assignment-1\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"PYC3702 Assignment 1 Abnormal Psychology - Unisa Psych\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Introduction Identifying, classifying, and describing abnormal behaviour Unisa study Guide Free resources and links Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental&hellip; 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