{"id":1544,"date":"2022-03-28T19:49:43","date_gmt":"2022-03-28T19:49:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/allalignedhealing.com\/unisapsych\/?page_id=1544"},"modified":"2022-03-29T22:05:05","modified_gmt":"2022-03-29T22:05:05","slug":"assignment-4-trauma-co","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/allalignedhealing.com\/unisapsych\/assignment-4-trauma-co\/","title":{"rendered":"Assignment 4: Trauma &#038; Co"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"0-trauma-amp-stressor-related-disorders\">Trauma &amp; stressor-related disorders<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com\/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSUxEj1-r5T3mXyM4B_E8cwZs6VITfRt6RanA&amp;usqp=CAU\" alt=\"Witnessing PTSD and Complex Trauma in South Africa\" width=\"655\" height=\"436\"\/><figcaption>From Duke <a href=\"https:\/\/globalhealth.duke.edu\/news\/witnessing-ptsd-and-complex-trauma-south-africa\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Global Health article<\/a> on trauma &amp; complex PTSD in South Africa<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-ub-table-of-contents-block ub_table-of-contents\" id=\"ub_table-of-contents-e0be3dcf-5075-4d96-a89f-e07fd998f935\" data-linktodivider=\"false\" data-showtext=\"show\" data-hidetext=\"hide\" data-scrolltype=\"auto\" data-enablesmoothscroll=\"false\" data-initiallyhideonmobile=\"false\" data-initiallyshow=\"true\"><div class=\"ub_table-of-contents-header-container\" style=\"\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"ub_table-of-contents-header\" style=\"text-align: left; \">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"ub_table-of-contents-title\">Contents<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div><div class=\"ub_table-of-contents-extra-container\" style=\"\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"ub_table-of-contents-container ub_table-of-contents-1-column \">\n\t\t\t\t<ul style=\"\"><li style=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/allalignedhealing.com\/unisapsych\/assignment-4-trauma-co\/#0-trauma-amp-stressor-related-disorders\" style=\"\">Trauma &amp; stressor-related disorders<\/a><\/li><li style=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/allalignedhealing.com\/unisapsych\/assignment-4-trauma-co\/#1-is-it-a-trauma-or-stressor-related-disorder-which-is-which\" style=\"\">Is it a Trauma or stressor-related disorder &#8211; which is which?<\/a><ul><li style=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/allalignedhealing.com\/unisapsych\/assignment-4-trauma-co\/#2-1-adjustment-disorder-s\" style=\"\">1. Adjustment disorders<\/a><\/li><li style=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/allalignedhealing.com\/unisapsych\/assignment-4-trauma-co\/#3-possible-stressors-that-could-trigger-ad\" style=\"\">Possible stressors that could trigger AD<\/a><ul><li style=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/allalignedhealing.com\/unisapsych\/assignment-4-trauma-co\/#4-to-diagnose-ad-a-person-needs-to-have\" style=\"\">To diagnose AD, a person needs to have:<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li style=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/allalignedhealing.com\/unisapsych\/assignment-4-trauma-co\/#5-2-acute-stress-disorder-\" style=\"\">2. Acute Stress Disorder<\/a><\/li><li style=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/allalignedhealing.com\/unisapsych\/assignment-4-trauma-co\/#6-nine-or-more-symptoms-involving-\" style=\"\">Nine or more symptoms involving:<\/a><ul><li style=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/allalignedhealing.com\/unisapsych\/assignment-4-trauma-co\/#7-intrusion-symptoms\" style=\"\">Intrusion symptoms<\/a><\/li><li style=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/allalignedhealing.com\/unisapsych\/assignment-4-trauma-co\/#8-negative-mood\" style=\"\">Negative mood<\/a><\/li><li style=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/allalignedhealing.com\/unisapsych\/assignment-4-trauma-co\/#9-dissociative-symptoms\" style=\"\">Dissociative symptoms<\/a><\/li><li style=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/allalignedhealing.com\/unisapsych\/assignment-4-trauma-co\/#10-avoidance-symptoms\" style=\"\">Avoidance symptoms<\/a><\/li><li style=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/allalignedhealing.com\/unisapsych\/assignment-4-trauma-co\/#11-arousal-symptoms\" style=\"\">Arousal symptoms<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li style=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/allalignedhealing.com\/unisapsych\/assignment-4-trauma-co\/#12-3-post-traumatic-stress-disorder-\" style=\"\">3. Post-traumatic Stress Disorder<\/a><ul><li style=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/allalignedhealing.com\/unisapsych\/assignment-4-trauma-co\/#13-negative-alterations-in-cognition-and-mood\" style=\"\">Negative alterations in cognition and mood<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li style=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/allalignedhealing.com\/unisapsych\/assignment-4-trauma-co\/#14-etiology\" style=\"\">Etiology<\/a><ul><li style=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/allalignedhealing.com\/unisapsych\/assignment-4-trauma-co\/#15-factors-that-increase-risk\" style=\"\">Factors that increase risk:<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li style=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/allalignedhealing.com\/unisapsych\/assignment-4-trauma-co\/#16-treatment-of-trauma-related-disorders\" style=\"\">Treatment of trauma related disorders<\/a><\/li><li style=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/allalignedhealing.com\/unisapsych\/assignment-4-trauma-co\/#17-psychophysiological-disorders-and-symptoms\" style=\"\">Psychophysiological Disorders and Symptoms<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle wp-block-ub-content-toggle-block\" id=\"ub-content-toggle-block-16d8384b-4d6d-4fc7-94c8-83c09383d59f\" data-mobilecollapse=\"false\" data-desktopcollapse=\"true\" data-preventcollapse=\"false\" data-showonlyone=\"false\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion\" style=\"border-color: #000000;\" id=\"ub-content-toggle-panel-block-\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-title-wrap\" style=\"background-color: #000000;\" aria-controls=\"ub-content-toggle-panel-0-16d8384b-4d6d-4fc7-94c8-83c09383d59f\" tabindex=\"0\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-title ub-content-toggle-title-16d8384b-4d6d-4fc7-94c8-83c09383d59f\" style=\"color: #D1DFE4; --ub-content-toggle-title-link-color: #D1DFE4; \">Stressors<\/h3>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-toggle-wrap right\" style=\"color: #D1E4DD;\"><span class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-state-indicator wp-block-ub-chevron-down\"><\/span><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-expanded=\"false\" class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-content-wrap ub-hide\" id=\"ub-content-toggle-panel-0-16d8384b-4d6d-4fc7-94c8-83c09383d59f\">\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/allalignedhealing.com\/unisapsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/image-12.jpeg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1577\" width=\"569\" height=\"569\" srcset=\"https:\/\/allalignedhealing.com\/unisapsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/image-12.jpeg 225w, https:\/\/allalignedhealing.com\/unisapsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/image-12-150x150.jpeg 150w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 569px) 100vw, 569px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Environmental factors that cause us stress<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion\" style=\"border-color: #000000;\" id=\"ub-content-toggle-panel-block-\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-title-wrap\" style=\"background-color: #000000;\" aria-controls=\"ub-content-toggle-panel-1-16d8384b-4d6d-4fc7-94c8-83c09383d59f\" tabindex=\"0\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-title ub-content-toggle-title-16d8384b-4d6d-4fc7-94c8-83c09383d59f\" style=\"color: #D1DFE4; \">Stress<\/h3>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-toggle-wrap right\" style=\"color: #D1E4DD;\"><span class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-state-indicator wp-block-ub-chevron-down\"><\/span><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-expanded=\"false\" class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-content-wrap ub-hide\" id=\"ub-content-toggle-panel-1-16d8384b-4d6d-4fc7-94c8-83c09383d59f\">\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/allalignedhealing.com\/unisapsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/image-8.jpeg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1573\" width=\"559\" height=\"371\"><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Internal psychological \/physiological response to stressor<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Symptoms of stress in descending order of prevalence:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>irritability\/anger 45%<\/li><li>fatigue<\/li><li>feeling nervous or anxious<\/li><li>headache<\/li><li>depression 34%<\/li><li>muscle tension 23%<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Some people in some situations are fairly stress-resilient, while others develop long-lasting symptoms and problems &#8211; PTSD<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"1-is-it-a-trauma-or-stressor-related-disorder-which-is-which\">Is it a Trauma or stressor-related disorder &#8211; which is which?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">We look at three disorders.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Adjustment disorder <em>(Stressor-related disorder)<\/em><\/li><li>Acute stress disorder <em>(Trauma-related disorder)<\/em><\/li><li>Post traumatic stress disorder <em>(Trauma-related disorder)<\/em><\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"text-transform:capitalize\"><em><strong>Reactive attachment disorder and disinhibited social engagement disorder are <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">stress disorders<\/span> from childhood trauma.<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"2-1-adjustment-disorder-s\"><strong>1. Adjustment disorder<\/strong>s<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com\/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQyEzaXrRd-vfYguOy7-VmoNHwCGNzdg5lfPw&amp;usqp=CAU\" alt=\"24 Most Stressful Movie Scenes\" width=\"611\" height=\"350\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This is when someone has problems adjusting to a specific life stressor. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Adjustment disorders can accompany any medical disorder and most mental disorders. They are also associated with an increased risk of suicide attempts and have a high rate of completed suicides.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Also involve subjective distress and impaired functioning.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"3-possible-stressors-that-could-trigger-ad\">Possible stressors that could trigger AD<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Interpersonal problems &#8211; betrayal, loss, ending of a relationship<\/li><li>recurrent stressors (exams)<\/li><li>continuous stressors &#8211; disability, crime, chronic pain<\/li><li>developmental events: leaving home, having a baby, divorcing, losing a job etc&#8230;<\/li><li>stressors related to the death of a loved one<ul><li>This may be related to another disorder: Persistent Complex Bereavement Disorder<\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/allalignedhealing.com\/unisapsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/image-11.jpeg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1576\" width=\"607\" height=\"379\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"4-to-diagnose-ad-a-person-needs-to-have\">To diagnose AD, a person needs to have:<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Exposure to an <strong>identifiable stressor<\/strong> that led to emotional or behavioral symptoms within 3 months of the event. <\/li><li>Emotional distress and behavioral symptoms that are <strong>out of proportion<\/strong> to the severity of the stressor, and result in impairment in life functioning<\/li><li>The symptoms last <strong>no longer than<\/strong> 6 months<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">As you can see from this, the AD diagnosis is a way of differentiating a person&#8217;s symptoms from other diagnoses. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>The stressor is not necessarily intensely threatening (traumatic) as in <strong>PTSD<\/strong> or in <strong>Acute Stress Disorder<\/strong>, but may be terribly distressing none the less. <\/li><li>It may be out of proportion, so it is not <strong>normal adaptive stress<\/strong>.<\/li><li>It is between 1 and 6 months unlike <strong>Depression and Anxiety<\/strong> <strong>Disorders<\/strong>, and starts within 3 months of the stressor.<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/allalignedhealing.com\/unisapsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/image-9.jpeg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1574\" width=\"602\" height=\"293\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The prevalence is between 7 and 28% amongst people seeking help &#8211; so it is a significant category. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">It is common for people with a life-threatening medical diagnosis, and also more common amongst women and the disadvantaged.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"5-2-acute-stress-disorder-\"><strong>2. Acute Stress Disorder<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/allalignedhealing.com\/unisapsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/image-5.jpeg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1562\" width=\"617\" height=\"263\" srcset=\"https:\/\/allalignedhealing.com\/unisapsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/image-5.jpeg 344w, https:\/\/allalignedhealing.com\/unisapsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/image-5-300x127.jpeg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 617px) 100vw, 617px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A condition characterized by flashbacks, hyper vigilance and avoidance symptoms lasting <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>up to <\/strong>1 month<\/span> after exposure to a traumatic stressor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A <strong>traumatic stressor<\/strong> involves actual or threatened death, serious injury or sexual violence<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This may include:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>direct experience<\/li><li>witnessing the events happening to others<\/li><li>Learning that a traumatic event has happened to a close family member or friend<\/li><li>Experiencing repeated or extreme exposure to details of traumatic events &#8211; eg: first responders<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/allalignedhealing.com\/unisapsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/image-6.jpeg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1567\" width=\"603\" height=\"436\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"6-nine-or-more-symptoms-involving-\"><strong>Nine or more symptoms involving:<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"7-intrusion-symptoms\">Intrusion symptoms<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>recurrent, intrusive &amp; distressing memories of the event (in children, this may take the form of repetitive play.<\/li><li>recurrent distressing dreams related to the traumatic events<\/li><li>Dissociative reactions such as flashbacks, in which the trauma feels like it is being relived &#8211; most extremely the person may lose awareness of present surroundings<\/li><li>Intense or prolonged psychological distress or physiological reactions to internal or external cues that symbolize or resemble an aspect of the traumatic events<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"8-negative-mood\">Negative mood<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Persistent inability to experience positive emotions<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"9-dissociative-symptoms\">Dissociative symptoms<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>An altered sense of reality or of oneself (seeing yourself from the outside, being in a daze, time slowing)<\/li><li>Being unable to remember important aspects of the events due to dissociative amnesia<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"10-avoidance-symptoms\">Avoidance symptoms<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Avoiding distressing memories, thoughts and feelings about or associated with the traumatic events.<\/li><li>Avoiding external reminders (people, places, conversations, activities, objects, situations) that may trigger memories, thoughts or feelings about what happened<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"11-arousal-symptoms\">Arousal symptoms<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>sleep disturbances<\/li><li>irritable behavior and angry outbursts<\/li><li>hypervigilance<\/li><li>difficulty concentrated<\/li><li>exaggerated startle response<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Over half of people with acute stress disorder have symptoms lasting longer than a month and later receive a PTSD diagnosis.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"12-3-post-traumatic-stress-disorder-\"><strong>3. Post-traumatic Stress Disorder<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com\/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQ_hR0MAXtq7KPEd0mA4P4UEpAoX5J8NBk4PQ&amp;usqp=CAU\" alt=\"5 Traumatizing Movies Scenes That Would Make Even the Joker Flinch -  Animated Times\" width=\"609\" height=\"343\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A condition characterized by flashbacks, hyper vigilance and avoidance symptoms lasting <strong>more than<\/strong> 1 month after exposure to an extreme trauma.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Extreme trauma<\/strong> involves actual or threatened death, serious injury or sexual violence<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This may include:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>direct experience<\/li><li>witnessing the events happening to others<\/li><li>Learning that a traumatic event has happened to a close family member or friend<\/li><li>Experiencing repeated or extreme exposure to details of traumatic events &#8211; eg: first responders, <\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Note that the symptoms are almost the same as  for acute stress disorder, but there are <strong>additional negative thoughts and emotions<\/strong>. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>1 or 2 symptoms involving the <\/strong>symptoms listed for Acute Stress Disorder, with the significant <strong>addition of negative alterations in cognition and mood among the list of possible symptoms:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/allalignedhealing.com\/unisapsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/image-10.jpeg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1575\" width=\"611\" height=\"309\" srcset=\"https:\/\/allalignedhealing.com\/unisapsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/image-10.jpeg 316w, https:\/\/allalignedhealing.com\/unisapsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/image-10-300x152.jpeg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 611px) 100vw, 611px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"13-negative-alterations-in-cognition-and-mood\">Negative alterations in cognition and mood<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Persistent and exaggerated negative beliefs or expectations about oneself, others, or the world (e.g., \u201cI am bad,\u201d \u201cNo one can be trusted\u201d, \u201cThe world is completely dangerous\u201d, \u201cMy whole nervous system is permanently ruined\u201d).<\/li><li>persistent distorted cognitions that lead the person to blame themselves or others<\/li><li>Persistent negative emotions (fear, anger, horror, guilt, shame)<\/li><li>Lack of desire to do things<\/li><li>Feeling detached and estranged from others<\/li><li>Persistent inability to experience positive mentions<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The prevalence figures are odd. About 9% lifetime and about 4% 12 month prevalence. So there is a strange and interesting discrepancy here.  Prevalence is twice as high for women. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com\/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQ2wN5GflaEiaj3kRiq5heEPDWpyvWp7jhetQ&amp;usqp=CAU\" alt=\"How Bollywood Horror Films Misrepresent Their Female Protagonists\" width=\"611\" height=\"259\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The person may have PTSD with or without dissociative symptoms:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>depersonalization:  I am not me. I am not in my body or it is not me. Time moving slowly<\/li><li>derealisation: The world is not real. it feels like a dream, distorted or distant.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">And the person may have delayed expression &#8211; at least 6 months after the event.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com\/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcRB7t6YsHrFjC4ArlQa5eRorgJ3qqcT6R7ndg&amp;usqp=CAU\" alt=\"What To Watch: War Ravaged Breakdown in 'Jacob's Ladder' \u2013 That Moment In\" width=\"614\" height=\"331\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/forms\/d\/e\/1FAIpQLSfaQ4RdXdgUl-bY3_sgmPhCtfiZU6xSzQnnK-Dy9zIzabII7A\/viewform?embedded=true\" width=\"640\" height=\"2403\" frameborder=\"0\" marginheight=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0\">Loading\u2026<\/iframe>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"14-etiology\">Etiology<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Only some people develop disorders after stress or trauma.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"15-factors-that-increase-risk\">Factors that increase risk:<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>severe physical injuries\/personalized trauma carry increased risk<\/li><li>stroke, head injuries, or injured hands or feet, major burns, rape or assault all carry increased risk.<\/li><li>The closer the perpetrator is to the survivor, the greater the chances that PTSD will develop.<\/li><li>cognitive style<\/li><li>childhood trauma<\/li><li>genetic vulnerability<\/li><li>lack of social support<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle wp-block-ub-content-toggle-block\" id=\"ub-content-toggle-block-7cce8751-d902-4413-a63d-46de78056da2\" data-mobilecollapse=\"false\" data-desktopcollapse=\"true\" data-preventcollapse=\"false\" data-showonlyone=\"false\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion\" style=\"border-color: #40d7ee;\" id=\"ub-content-toggle-panel-block-\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-title-wrap\" style=\"background-color: #40d7ee;\" aria-controls=\"ub-content-toggle-panel-0-7cce8751-d902-4413-a63d-46de78056da2\" tabindex=\"0\">\n\t\t\t<h4 class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-title ub-content-toggle-title-7cce8751-d902-4413-a63d-46de78056da2\" style=\"color: #000000; \">Biological dimension<\/h4>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-toggle-wrap right\" style=\"color: #000000;\"><span class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-state-indicator wp-block-ub-chevron-down\"><\/span><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-expanded=\"false\" class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-content-wrap ub-hide\" id=\"ub-content-toggle-panel-0-7cce8751-d902-4413-a63d-46de78056da2\">\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Some people react more strongly to fear and stress than others. A genetic basis has been found for this in some people. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The amygdala responds to danger by sending a signal to the sympathetic nervous system to prepare the body to fight or flee.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis releases epinephrine and cortisol to support the body for fight or flight by raising blood pressure, blood sugar and hear rate.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In people with PTSD, the amygdala remains active even when the danger is over. Fear is not inhibited as it should be.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion\" style=\"border-color: #40d7ee;\" id=\"ub-content-toggle-panel-block-\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-title-wrap\" style=\"background-color: #40d7ee;\" aria-controls=\"ub-content-toggle-panel-1-7cce8751-d902-4413-a63d-46de78056da2\" tabindex=\"0\">\n\t\t\t<h4 class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-title ub-content-toggle-title-7cce8751-d902-4413-a63d-46de78056da2\" style=\"color: #000000; \">Psychological Dimension<\/h4>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-toggle-wrap right\" style=\"color: #000000;\"><span class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-state-indicator wp-block-ub-chevron-down\"><\/span><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-expanded=\"false\" class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-content-wrap ub-hide\" id=\"ub-content-toggle-panel-1-7cce8751-d902-4413-a63d-46de78056da2\">\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Pre-existing conditions such as depression, anxiety and negative emotions such as anger increase the possibility of developing PTSD.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ruminating about a traumatic event may increase the reaction to it.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Cognitive patterns such as<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>generalizing<\/li><li>helpless, fearful dysfunctional thoughts<\/li><li>catastrophic interpretations of a trauma<\/li><\/ul>\n\n<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion\" style=\"border-color: #40d7ee;\" id=\"ub-content-toggle-panel-block-\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-title-wrap\" style=\"background-color: #40d7ee;\" aria-controls=\"ub-content-toggle-panel-2-7cce8751-d902-4413-a63d-46de78056da2\" tabindex=\"0\">\n\t\t\t<h4 class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-title ub-content-toggle-title-7cce8751-d902-4413-a63d-46de78056da2\" style=\"color: #000000; \">Social dimension<\/h4>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-toggle-wrap right\" style=\"color: #000000;\"><span class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-state-indicator wp-block-ub-chevron-down\"><\/span><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-expanded=\"false\" class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-content-wrap ub-hide\" id=\"ub-content-toggle-panel-2-7cce8751-d902-4413-a63d-46de78056da2\">\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Social support helps recovery from trauma and prevention of PTSD through releasing endorphins, reducing fear and anxiety<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A traumatic life history with multiple childhood stressors contributes significantly to developing trauma-related disorders.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Family conflict, maltreatment  or overprotectiveness <\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion\" style=\"border-color: #40d7ee;\" id=\"ub-content-toggle-panel-block-\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-title-wrap\" style=\"background-color: #40d7ee;\" aria-controls=\"ub-content-toggle-panel-3-7cce8751-d902-4413-a63d-46de78056da2\" tabindex=\"0\">\n\t\t\t<h4 class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-title ub-content-toggle-title-7cce8751-d902-4413-a63d-46de78056da2\" style=\"color: #000000; \">Sociocultural dimension<\/h4>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-toggle-wrap right\" style=\"color: #000000;\"><span class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-state-indicator wp-block-ub-chevron-down\"><\/span><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-expanded=\"false\" class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-content-wrap ub-hide\" id=\"ub-content-toggle-panel-3-7cce8751-d902-4413-a63d-46de78056da2\">\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">There are ethnic differences in the US, with the highest level of PTSD amongst the Latino\/Hispanic population and the lowest amongst Asian Americans.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This may be due to exposure to childhood trauma and violence and discrimination.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Women are twice as likely as men to suffer from a trauma-related disorder with the single outlier of rape, which has a higher prevalence of PTSD amongst men.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"16-treatment-of-trauma-related-disorders\">Treatment of trauma related disorders<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Antidepressants seem to help almost 60% of people but do not lead to a full recovery in most of these.<\/li><li>Psychological interventions help the extinguish the fear response and correct dysfunctional cognitions<ul><li>Exposure therapy<ul><li>reimagining and retelling the story of what happened<\/li><\/ul><\/li><li>CBT<\/li><li>trauma-focused CBT<ul><li>Identify and change dysfunctional cognitions about the event and themselves<\/li><\/ul><\/li><li>EMDR Eye movement desensitization  and reprocessing<ul><li>By moving the eyes, tactile or auditory awareness from left to right, traumatic memories lose their charge and become more biographical, so that they can be recalled as in the past rather than triggering a fear response in the present. <\/li><li>Negative cognitions are also replaced with positive ones.<\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com\/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcT8lTBW7jJHWVHwJ4t-fCacdyp4k1M54u8nKQ&amp;usqp=CAU\" alt=\"lily on Twitter: &quot;Amazing how they played with the wardrobe on these  consecutive scenes to represent emotions &amp; connections. Ang talino. If  you've seen the movie, you'll understand. Blue - sadness\/peace Green -\" width=\"609\" height=\"585\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"17-psychophysiological-disorders-and-symptoms\">Psychophysiological Disorders and Symptoms<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A psychophysiological disorder is any physical disorder than has a strong psychological basis or aspect.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Broken heart syndrome &#8211; a rush of adrenaline (epinephrine) can send the heart into cardiac distress.<\/li><li>impaired or over-active immune system<\/li><li>coronary heart disease<\/li><li>hypertension<\/li><li>headaches (migraine, tension &amp; cluster)<\/li><li>asthma<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Unisa PYC3702 Abnormal Psychology Assignment 4: Trauma and stress-related disorders\" width=\"750\" height=\"422\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/LTgAIT7jag4?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n<div style=\"display:flex; gap:10px;justify-content:center\" class=\"wps-pgfw-pdf-generate-icon__wrapper-frontend\">\n\t\t<a  href=\"https:\/\/allalignedhealing.com\/unisapsych\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1544?action=genpdf&amp;id=1544\" class=\"pgfw-single-pdf-download-button\" ><img src=\"https:\/\/allalignedhealing.com\/unisapsych\/wp-content\/plugins\/pdf-generator-for-wp\/admin\/src\/images\/PDF_Tray.svg\" title=\"Generate PDF\" style=\"width:auto; height:50px;\"><\/a>\n\t\t<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Trauma &amp; stressor-related disorders Is it a Trauma or stressor-related disorder &#8211; which is which? 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