{"id":1833,"date":"2022-05-09T08:13:59","date_gmt":"2022-05-09T08:13:59","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/allalignedhealing.com\/unisapsych\/?page_id=1833"},"modified":"2022-05-12T20:36:51","modified_gmt":"2022-05-12T20:36:51","slug":"pyc3702-ch-8-substance-use-disorders","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/allalignedhealing.com\/unisapsych\/pyc3702-ch-8-substance-use-disorders\/","title":{"rendered":"PYC3702 Ch 8 Substance-use Disorders"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image is-resized is-style-default\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com\/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQxqiZRCYOW-Aa4tJlpwer-y7IJns7NNHxnRg&amp;usqp=CAU\" alt=\"Substance Use - PAHO\/WHO | Pan American Health Organization\" width=\"609\" height=\"342\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-ub-table-of-contents-block ub_table-of-contents\" id=\"ub_table-of-contents-40b7d445-a82f-4505-a00b-7d860f635448\" data-linktodivider=\"false\" data-showtext=\"show\" data-hidetext=\"hide\" data-scrolltype=\"auto\" data-enablesmoothscroll=\"false\" data-initiallyhideonmobile=\"false\" data-initiallyshow=\"true\"><div class=\"ub_table-of-contents-header-container\" style=\"\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"ub_table-of-contents-header\" style=\"text-align: left; \">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"ub_table-of-contents-title\">Contents<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div><div class=\"ub_table-of-contents-extra-container\" style=\"\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"ub_table-of-contents-container ub_table-of-contents-1-column \">\n\t\t\t\t<ul style=\"\"><li style=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/allalignedhealing.com\/unisapsych\/pyc3702-ch-8-substance-use-disorders\/#0-dsm-5-criteria-for-a-substance-use-disorder\" style=\"\">DSM-5 Criteria for a substance-use disorder<\/a><\/li><li style=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/allalignedhealing.com\/unisapsych\/pyc3702-ch-8-substance-use-disorders\/#1-what-to-remember\" style=\"\">What to remember<\/a><\/li><li style=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/allalignedhealing.com\/unisapsych\/pyc3702-ch-8-substance-use-disorders\/#2-gambling-addiction\" style=\"\">Gambling addiction<\/a><\/li><li style=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/allalignedhealing.com\/unisapsych\/pyc3702-ch-8-substance-use-disorders\/#3-minimum-criteria-for-a-diagnosis\" style=\"\">Minimum criteria for a diagnosis<\/a><ul><li style=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/allalignedhealing.com\/unisapsych\/pyc3702-ch-8-substance-use-disorders\/#4-severity-of-gambling-addiction\" style=\"\">Severity of gambling addiction<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li style=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/allalignedhealing.com\/unisapsych\/pyc3702-ch-8-substance-use-disorders\/#5-substances-that-people-abuse\" style=\"\">Substances that people abuse<\/a><\/li><li style=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/allalignedhealing.com\/unisapsych\/pyc3702-ch-8-substance-use-disorders\/#6-etiology-of-substance-use-disorders\" style=\"\">Etiology of substance-Use Disorders<\/a><\/li><li style=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/allalignedhealing.com\/unisapsych\/pyc3702-ch-8-substance-use-disorders\/#7-the-4-dimensions\" style=\"\">The 4 dimensions<\/a><\/li><li style=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/allalignedhealing.com\/unisapsych\/pyc3702-ch-8-substance-use-disorders\/#8-treatment\" style=\"\">Treatment<\/a><\/li><li style=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/allalignedhealing.com\/unisapsych\/pyc3702-ch-8-substance-use-disorders\/#9-drugs-in-south-africa-effects-amp-risks\" style=\"\">Drugs in South Africa &#8211; effects &amp; risks<\/a><ul><li style=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/allalignedhealing.com\/unisapsych\/pyc3702-ch-8-substance-use-disorders\/#11-heroin-\" style=\"\">Heroin:<\/a><\/li><li style=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/allalignedhealing.com\/unisapsych\/pyc3702-ch-8-substance-use-disorders\/#12-marijuana\" style=\"\">Marijuana<\/a><\/li><li style=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/allalignedhealing.com\/unisapsych\/pyc3702-ch-8-substance-use-disorders\/#13-cocaine\" style=\"\">Cocaine<\/a><\/li><li style=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/allalignedhealing.com\/unisapsych\/pyc3702-ch-8-substance-use-disorders\/#14-solvents\" style=\"\">Solvents<\/a><\/li><li style=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/allalignedhealing.com\/unisapsych\/pyc3702-ch-8-substance-use-disorders\/#15-mandrax-buttons\" style=\"\">Mandrax (buttons)<\/a><\/li><li style=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/allalignedhealing.com\/unisapsych\/pyc3702-ch-8-substance-use-disorders\/#16-ecstacy-mdma\" style=\"\">Ecstacy &#8211; MDMA<\/a><\/li><li style=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/allalignedhealing.com\/unisapsych\/pyc3702-ch-8-substance-use-disorders\/#17-tik-methamphetamine\" style=\"\">Tik -methamphetamine<\/a><\/li><li style=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/allalignedhealing.com\/unisapsych\/pyc3702-ch-8-substance-use-disorders\/#18-nyaope\" style=\"\">Nyaope<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle wp-block-ub-content-toggle-block\" id=\"ub-content-toggle-block-16a35450-94c5-4595-9662-3019fd2ebb3d\" data-mobilecollapse=\"false\" data-desktopcollapse=\"true\" data-preventcollapse=\"false\" data-showonlyone=\"false\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion\" style=\"border-color: #184a27;\" id=\"ub-content-toggle-panel-block-\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-title-wrap\" style=\"background-color: #184a27;\" aria-controls=\"ub-content-toggle-panel-0-16a35450-94c5-4595-9662-3019fd2ebb3d\" tabindex=\"0\">\n\t\t\t<h4 class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-title ub-content-toggle-title-16a35450-94c5-4595-9662-3019fd2ebb3d\" style=\"color: #f7df1c; \">Substance-use Disorder<\/h4>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-toggle-wrap right\" style=\"color: #000000;\"><span class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-state-indicator wp-block-ub-chevron-down\"><\/span><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-expanded=\"false\" class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-content-wrap ub-hide\" id=\"ub-content-toggle-panel-0-16a35450-94c5-4595-9662-3019fd2ebb3d\">\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Cognitive, behavioral and physiological symptoms due to <strong>continued<\/strong> substance use, even while the substances are causing harm.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Mild &#8211; Two or three symptoms<\/li><li>Moderate &#8211; four or five symptoms<\/li><li>Severe &#8211; six or more symptoms<\/li><\/ul>\n\n<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion\" style=\"border-color: #184a27;\" id=\"ub-content-toggle-panel-block-\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-title-wrap\" style=\"background-color: #184a27;\" aria-controls=\"ub-content-toggle-panel-1-16a35450-94c5-4595-9662-3019fd2ebb3d\" tabindex=\"0\">\n\t\t\t<h4 class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-title ub-content-toggle-title-16a35450-94c5-4595-9662-3019fd2ebb3d\" style=\"color: #f7df1c; \">Substance-induced disorders<\/h4>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-toggle-wrap right\" style=\"color: #000000;\"><span class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-state-indicator wp-block-ub-chevron-down\"><\/span><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-expanded=\"false\" class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-content-wrap ub-hide\" id=\"ub-content-toggle-panel-1-16a35450-94c5-4595-9662-3019fd2ebb3d\">\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Intoxication, withdrawal and substance-induced mental disorders<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion\" style=\"border-color: #184a27;\" id=\"ub-content-toggle-panel-block-\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-title-wrap\" style=\"background-color: #184a27;\" aria-controls=\"ub-content-toggle-panel-2-16a35450-94c5-4595-9662-3019fd2ebb3d\" tabindex=\"0\">\n\t\t\t<h4 class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-title ub-content-toggle-title-16a35450-94c5-4595-9662-3019fd2ebb3d\" style=\"color: #f7df1c; \">Substance-Related Disorders<\/h4>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-toggle-wrap right\" style=\"color: #000000;\"><span class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-state-indicator wp-block-ub-chevron-down\"><\/span><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-expanded=\"false\" class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-content-wrap ub-hide\" id=\"ub-content-toggle-panel-2-16a35450-94c5-4595-9662-3019fd2ebb3d\">\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Either substance-induced or substance-use disorders<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized is-style-default\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/allalignedhealing.com\/unisapsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/image.jpeg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1836\" width=\"615\" height=\"376\"\/><figcaption>Tik Crystal Methamphetamine &#8211; the currency of the gangster economy<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"0-dsm-5-criteria-for-a-substance-use-disorder\">DSM-5 Criteria for a substance-use disorder<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">At least 2 of the following over  12 months causing significant impairment\/distress:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Using more or for longer than intended<\/li><li>Unsuccessful attempts to control substance due to cravings<\/li><li>Spending a lot of time getting, using or recovering from using<\/li><li>Craving\/strong desires to use<\/li><li>Dropping out of responsibilities because of substance-use<\/li><li>social and interpersonal harm<\/li><li>impaired work, social and leisure activities<\/li><li>physical endangerment due to substance use<\/li><li>Continued use even though physical and psychological harm is occurring<\/li><li>Tolerance causing increased need for the substance <\/li><li>Withdrawal symptoms when the person tries to stop using, which trigger the person to start using again<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized is-style-default\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/allalignedhealing.com\/unisapsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/image-1.jpeg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1837\" width=\"612\" height=\"408\"\/><figcaption>Late stage alcoholism. Different people have different metabolic reaction to alcohol. Some people have instant addiction problem with their first drink. Others after a life-time of &#8216;normal&#8217; social drinking.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"1-what-to-remember\">What to remember<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The essence is :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><strong>impairment &amp; distress,  <\/strong><\/li><li><strong>compelled by the substance\/behavior <\/strong><\/li><li><strong>keeps getting worse<\/strong><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized is-style-default\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/allalignedhealing.com\/unisapsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/image-6.jpeg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1868\" width=\"612\" height=\"408\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"2-gambling-addiction\">Gambling addiction<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>The gaming industry tries to feed into the gambling industry as gamers will know &#8211; for gaming, sex, or eating addictions, you can use the same rules of thumb.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image is-resized is-style-default\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com\/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcRD3QIFcuKnW0bG1MIAHguYMiAgVhZjCvYU2A&amp;usqp=CAU\" alt=\"How to wrestle the one-armed bandit online - Gifts for Card Players\" width=\"608\" height=\"406\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"3-minimum-criteria-for-a-diagnosis\">Minimum criteria for a diagnosis<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">4 of the symptoms for a year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Tolerance causing increased need to gamble more money<\/li><li>Withdrawal symptoms of irritability &amp; restlessness when the person tries to stop gambling<\/li><li>Gambling more or for longer than intended<\/li><li>Unsuccessful attempts to control<span style=\"font-family: var(--list--font-family); color: var(--global--color-primary); font-size: var(--global--font-size-base); background-color: var(--global--color-background);\"> gambling<\/span><\/li><li>Spending a lot of time gambling, thinking about gambling, finding money for gambling etc<\/li><li>Self-soothes with gambling when upset or distressed<\/li><li>Can&#8217;t stop coming back, tries to win back losses<\/li><li>Deceives others about the financial losses, extent of behavior etc<\/li><li>Has lost jobs, relationships etc <\/li><li>Has to get financial help because of gambling<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image is-resized is-style-default\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com\/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSFhlgyhCi6JOh2wLDx5pvGKIrUsUKKIJyY4Q&amp;usqp=CAU\" alt=\"Trendpoker 3D: Free Online Poker on Steam\" width=\"611\" height=\"284\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"4-severity-of-gambling-addiction\">Severity of gambling addiction<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>mild: 4-5 symptoms<\/li><li>moderate: 6-7<\/li><li>severe 8-9<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"5-substances-that-people-abuse\">Substances that people abuse<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Different substances have very different risk profiles and effects. Some people cannot touch any mind-altering substances at all -they are at high risk of developing a substance-dependency. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Some substances are dangerous to anyone who uses them. Heroin, for example, carries the risk of overdose or dependency once it is used past a particular fine line of quantity and number of doses, for any person at all. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Crack (crystalized cocaine) is instantly addictive for some people. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Human societies have been using mind-altering substances, such as alcohol, for thousands of years. Most people come through unscathed, but never all. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Depressants:<ul><li>Alcohol<\/li><li>opioids &#8211; heroin, opium, fentanyl, oxycontin etc<\/li><li>sedatives, hypnotics, anxiolytics<\/li><\/ul><\/li><li>Stimulants<ul><li>caffeine<\/li><li>amphetamines &#8211; eg tik &#8211; crystal meth<\/li><li>cocaine<\/li><li>crack (cocaine crystals)<\/li><\/ul><\/li><li>Hallucinogens<ul><li>LCD<\/li><li>psilocybin<\/li><li>mescaline<\/li><li>salvia<\/li><\/ul><\/li><li>Dissociative anaesthetics<ul><li>Phencyclidine (PCP)<\/li><li>Ketamine, methoxetamine (MXE)<\/li><li>Dextromethmorphan<\/li><\/ul><\/li><li>Substances with multiple effects<ul><li>nicotine<\/li><li>cannabis<\/li><li>inhalants<\/li><li>Ecstacy (MDMA)<\/li><li>Gamma hydroxybutyrate (GHB)<\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized is-style-default\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/allalignedhealing.com\/unisapsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/image-2.jpeg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1856\" width=\"606\" height=\"364\"\/><figcaption>For really horrific images and news stories, try googling Flakka &#8211; bath salts or the zombie drug.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"6-etiology-of-substance-use-disorders\">Etiology of substance-Use Disorders<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The progression from substance-use to addiction is not always typical, but the typical progression goes something like this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image is-resized is-style-default\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com\/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSovdmS_hYQINu3nXVmTLKt0yyPrER5AQ9Iog&amp;usqp=CAU\" alt=\"I've Been Experimenting With Drugs and It Turns out They Work\" width=\"607\" height=\"321\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><strong>Initial use<\/strong>: The decision to experiment<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image is-resized is-style-default\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com\/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQQerHF5pOjtaS7csBAGPhWsiIvcfvQYanmUA&amp;usqp=CAU\" alt=\"5 reasons to visit a rave party | Coretours\" width=\"608\" height=\"340\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">2. <strong>Increasing use<\/strong>: Using the substance for a purpose &#8211; to numb painful emotions, to feel more confident or less anxious, to have fun, etc<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image is-style-default\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/media.mg.co.za\/wp-media\/2019\/03\/f4475c6d-ravaged-by-tik-the-aliens-of-hangberg-696x445.jpeg\" alt=\"Tik-tock: Hangberg's meth timebomb - The Mail &amp; Guardian\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">3. <strong>Heavy Use<\/strong>: The brain chemistry begins to be altered, often causing physiological dependence, cravings, and withdrawal.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized is-style-default\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/allalignedhealing.com\/unisapsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/image-3.jpeg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1857\" width=\"609\" height=\"456\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">4. <strong>Drug Lifestyle:<\/strong> Lifestyle changes &#8211; life changes to follow the demands of the addiction, and as chronic use of the substance damages the person&#8217;s ability to function socially, professionally etc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"7-the-4-dimensions\">The 4 dimensions<\/h2>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle wp-block-ub-content-toggle-block\" id=\"ub-content-toggle-block-98a3444b-9c14-4098-91f7-b0c9993d105f\" data-mobilecollapse=\"false\" data-desktopcollapse=\"true\" data-preventcollapse=\"false\" data-showonlyone=\"false\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion\" style=\"border-color: #8cb1f7;\" id=\"ub-content-toggle-panel-block-\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-title-wrap\" style=\"background-color: #8cb1f7;\" aria-controls=\"ub-content-toggle-panel-0-98a3444b-9c14-4098-91f7-b0c9993d105f\" tabindex=\"0\">\n\t\t\t<h4 class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-title ub-content-toggle-title-98a3444b-9c14-4098-91f7-b0c9993d105f\" style=\"color: #000000; \">Psychological Dimension<\/h4>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-toggle-wrap right\" style=\"color: #000000;\"><span class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-state-indicator wp-block-ub-chevron-down\"><\/span><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-expanded=\"false\" class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-content-wrap ub-hide\" id=\"ub-content-toggle-panel-0-98a3444b-9c14-4098-91f7-b0c9993d105f\">\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Substance use is often self-medication as a coping strategy. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">It may be a response to mental illnesses or disorders, and\/or to stressors. Or be used as tool to cope with life transitions. Or to regulate behavior &#8211; such as social drinking to overcome shyness. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Behavioral undercontrol<\/strong> is a personality characteristic associated with rebelliousness, novelty seeking, risk-taking and impulsivity. People with these traits are more likely to experiment with substances.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">We can divide life-stressors that lead to substance use and misuse into: <\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>General life stress &#8211; work, relationships etc<\/li><li>trauma and catastrophe<\/li><li>childhood stressors and trauma<\/li><li>discrimination<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized is-style-default\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/allalignedhealing.com\/unisapsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/image-4.jpeg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1858\" width=\"554\" height=\"365\"><figcaption>Amy Winehouse, killed, like so many, by an overdose of heroin.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion\" style=\"border-color: #8cb1f7;\" id=\"ub-content-toggle-panel-block-\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-title-wrap\" style=\"background-color: #8cb1f7;\" aria-controls=\"ub-content-toggle-panel-1-98a3444b-9c14-4098-91f7-b0c9993d105f\" tabindex=\"0\">\n\t\t\t<h4 class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-title ub-content-toggle-title-98a3444b-9c14-4098-91f7-b0c9993d105f\" style=\"color: #000000; \">Social Dimension<\/h4>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-toggle-wrap right\" style=\"color: #000000;\"><span class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-state-indicator wp-block-ub-chevron-down\"><\/span><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-expanded=\"false\" class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-content-wrap ub-hide\" id=\"ub-content-toggle-panel-1-98a3444b-9c14-4098-91f7-b0c9993d105f\">\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image is-resized is-style-default\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com\/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcRAX9V0-94EO9xvF65VeCbs2KC8aUJcTY4PEQ&amp;usqp=CAU\" alt=\"Hunger and glue sniffing - the reality for many Nepali street children \u2014  SusDane\" width=\"556\" height=\"446\"><figcaption>Nepali street children, like street children everywhere, use glue to stave off hunger, cold, stress and mental disorders<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Victimization, stress in childhood, including neglect and abuse are strongly associated with substance-use in adulthood.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Substance abuse often begins in adolescence and early adulthood. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Experimentation is part of the rite of passage for many youngsters of moving away from the family, forming a new identity and becoming part of a social group of peers. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Some families see this behavior as expected and normal, or do not play a disciplinarian role for their youngsters. These patterns of family behavior and norms are associated with a higher likelihood of risky behavior.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>peer pressure, and emulation<\/li><li>wanting to fit in<\/li><li>rebelling and challenging authority<\/li><li>asserting independence<\/li><li>experiment and question social norms<\/li><li>escape pressure to conform and achieve<\/li><li>have fun<\/li><li>take risks<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized is-style-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.psychologytoday.com\/us\/blog\/the-wide-wide-world-psychology\/201506\/why-are-teen-brains-designed-risk-taking\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/allalignedhealing.com\/unisapsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/image-5.jpeg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1861\" width=\"560\" height=\"292\" srcset=\"https:\/\/allalignedhealing.com\/unisapsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/image-5.jpeg 310w, https:\/\/allalignedhealing.com\/unisapsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/image-5-300x157.jpeg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 560px) 100vw, 560px\" \/><\/a><figcaption>Psychology today article on teen risk-taking<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion\" style=\"border-color: #8cb1f7;\" id=\"ub-content-toggle-panel-block-\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-title-wrap\" style=\"background-color: #8cb1f7;\" aria-controls=\"ub-content-toggle-panel-2-98a3444b-9c14-4098-91f7-b0c9993d105f\" tabindex=\"0\">\n\t\t\t<h4 class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-title ub-content-toggle-title-98a3444b-9c14-4098-91f7-b0c9993d105f\" style=\"color: #000000; \">Sociocultural dimension<\/h4>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-toggle-wrap right\" style=\"color: #000000;\"><span class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-state-indicator wp-block-ub-chevron-down\"><\/span><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-expanded=\"false\" class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-content-wrap ub-hide\" id=\"ub-content-toggle-panel-2-98a3444b-9c14-4098-91f7-b0c9993d105f\">\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image is-style-default\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/i.guim.co.uk\/img\/media\/3fd7b98c3303dc098c98eceb953d543ba4183dad\/0_8_4256_2555\/master\/4256.jpg?width=445&amp;quality=45&amp;auto=format&amp;fit=max&amp;dpr=2&amp;s=6ee7e2c24b0b3e18144f8371aa49a752\" alt=\"Township trauma: the terrible cost of drinking during pregnancy | Maternal  health | The Guardian\"><figcaption>How much of what substance gets used, when, by whom, and with what consequences, is context and culture-driven.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The media is also a powerful normative driver of substance use.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image is-style-default\"><figure class=\"aligncenter is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com\/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcReQBcsmoHY9PxnKKuAAAQcJlFfObqQf6odiA&amp;usqp=CAU\" alt=\"The truth about benzos (Valium, Klonopin, Ativan, Xanax, etc) \u2013 Everything  Matters\" width=\"273\" height=\"276\"><\/figure><\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion\" style=\"border-color: #8cb1f7;\" id=\"ub-content-toggle-panel-block-\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-title-wrap\" style=\"background-color: #8cb1f7;\" aria-controls=\"ub-content-toggle-panel-3-98a3444b-9c14-4098-91f7-b0c9993d105f\" tabindex=\"0\">\n\t\t\t<h4 class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-title ub-content-toggle-title-98a3444b-9c14-4098-91f7-b0c9993d105f\" style=\"color: #000000; \">Biological Dimension<\/h4>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-toggle-wrap right\" style=\"color: #000000;\"><span class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-state-indicator wp-block-ub-chevron-down\"><\/span><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-expanded=\"false\" class=\"wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-content-wrap ub-hide\" id=\"ub-content-toggle-panel-3-98a3444b-9c14-4098-91f7-b0c9993d105f\">\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Substances change brain functioning. Many drugs increase dopamine, which is associated with rewards for behavior and with pleasure.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Tolerance<\/strong>: When the brain is exposed to lots of dopamine for a while, it starts reducing the number of receptors to restore balance. So then the person becomes dependent on the substance to feel normal. When they try to stop they feel dreadful, and go through <strong>withdrawal<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image is-resized is-style-default\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com\/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcR6Co33Lfj0Fx1OJtVkceY_ZVdXsLMils4Btg&amp;usqp=CAU\" alt=\"10 Ways to Get Through Your Withdrawal Symptoms\" width=\"558\" height=\"372\"><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Different substances can cause different kinds of brain damage and damage to the body. And the withdrawal symptoms vary for different substances. Alcohol withdrawal can actually be life-threatening.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">There does seem to be some genetic proclivity to addiction. And different genetic abilities to metabolize specific substances<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Women are more vulnerable to addiction and less able to detoxify from many substances.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image is-resized is-style-default\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com\/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQ_102Z0wB7t19F8bTbEHaJwyj1FXPWEy7AwA&amp;usqp=CAU\" alt=\"monkey drug trials of 1969 by luis costa\" width=\"612\" height=\"344\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"8-treatment\">Treatment<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Substance-use disorder is entirely preventable, in theory anyway, by abstinence. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Recovery from active addiction is another matter entirely.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Narcotics Anonymous and Alcoholics Anonymous are long-standing peer-support organizations that help people recover from addiction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image is-resized is-style-default\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com\/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSpWDopHHU27CCR3awXUOsrX0x61MRVG155ZA&amp;usqp=CAU\" alt=\"Recovery Meeting Schedule - JC Recovery House\" width=\"608\" height=\"455\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">There are also many drug rehabilitation organizations that help people. However, they are often very expensive. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized is-style-default\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/allalignedhealing.com\/unisapsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/image-7.jpeg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1869\" width=\"608\" height=\"226\" srcset=\"https:\/\/allalignedhealing.com\/unisapsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/image-7.jpeg 367w, https:\/\/allalignedhealing.com\/unisapsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/image-7-300x112.jpeg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 608px) 100vw, 608px\" \/><figcaption>Rehab promo pic<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image is-resized is-style-default\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com\/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQxElhgaw1Bs_0N_zAsXnqdJS9OFCr57_hh-w&amp;usqp=CAU\" alt=\"In paradise, battling hell in a sober house | World | Breaking news and  perspectives from around the globe | DW | 16.02.2017\" width=\"611\" height=\"344\"\/><figcaption>There are very affordable heart-centered rehabs available if you look hard enough.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">To get clean, many people have to change their whole lives. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">They need to find a sober social support network, end relationships with co-users, heal the emotional traumas and mental disorders that led them into addiction in the first place, and self-regulate intensely to avoid the exhaustion of will-power that leads to relapse. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image is-style-default\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/admin.americanaddictioncenters.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/Substance-Abuse-Relapse-Rate-1.png\" alt=\"Relapse Prevention: Strategies, Skills &amp; Coping Techniques\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Relapse is frequent, and usually leads back to usage of the substance. It is also very dangerous in the case of opioids, and frequently causes an overdose because the person can no longer tolerate the same dose as before.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Medications can help people through the withdrawal and early stages of abstinence. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Motivational enhancement therapy<\/strong> can help people in the process of making the decision of whether or not they want to get clean. The person needs to work through their ambivalence before starting the process, and this can help with this process, reducing the risk of relapse.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized is-style-default\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/allalignedhealing.com\/unisapsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/image-8.jpeg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1870\" width=\"605\" height=\"605\" srcset=\"https:\/\/allalignedhealing.com\/unisapsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/image-8.jpeg 225w, https:\/\/allalignedhealing.com\/unisapsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/image-8-150x150.jpeg 150w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 605px) 100vw, 605px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"9-drugs-in-south-africa-effects-amp-risks\">Drugs in South Africa &#8211; effects &amp; risks<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"10-important-for-exams\">(Important for exams)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Parts of South African society are being destroyed by drugs, as we all know all too well.  I am going to do my best to cut this down to what we may be examined on, not what we would like to understand better.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text alignwide is-stacked-on-mobile\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com\/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSmQ6JNFSQxrlDKMUnxSoRyvcELyl83hhKntw&amp;usqp=CAU\" alt=\"Humanizing the heroin epidemic: a photo essay\"\/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"11-heroin-\">Heroin: <\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><strong>Ultimate painkiller<\/strong>, euphoric, then causing rebound depression. <\/li><li>Addictive after a few weeks of use. <\/li><li>Margin between feeling good and death by overdosing causing respiratory depression\/ failure to keep breathing is very fine.<\/li><li>sharing needles increases risk of HIV &amp;hepatitis<\/li><li>liver damage, seizures, coma, death<\/li><\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text alignwide is-stacked-on-mobile\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com\/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQEaOQuEihRzzdUeonr9LHV5rizWtYtwEcEkg&amp;usqp=CAU\" alt=\"8 ways to sober up from being high | Leafly\"\/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"12-marijuana\">Marijuana<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>relaxing mild hallucinogen<\/li><li>increased risk of psychotic disorders<\/li><li>long term damage of learning and memory<\/li><li>increased risk of heart attack and lung disease, including cancer<\/li><li>infertility<\/li><\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text alignwide is-stacked-on-mobile\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com\/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTuPSdoPwcWK1JejD232054hrYNtge7zEphAA&amp;usqp=CAU\" alt=\"Wall Street Cocaine Stories\"\/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"13-cocaine\">Cocaine<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Stimulant &#8211; creates confidence and euphoria, rebound depression<\/li><li>addictive<\/li><li>sexually stimulating<\/li><li>heart &amp; lung disease<\/li><li>brain damage<\/li><li>expensive<\/li><\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text alignwide is-stacked-on-mobile\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com\/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQ15_M7zVvUhEnGnHOaXbpvO9C5uEy-XMNbgQ&amp;usqp=CAU\" alt=\"Homeless children sniff glue to take 'away the pain' of surviving Somalia's  streets\"\/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"14-solvents\">Solvents<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>glue, benzene, nail polish remover(acetone), spray paint<\/li><li>street children sniff off a piece of cloth<\/li><li>dizzy &amp; drowsy<\/li><li>can&#8217;t concentrate, memory impairment, brain damage<\/li><li>weight loss<\/li><li>bone marrow damage<\/li><\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text alignwide is-stacked-on-mobile\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"276\" height=\"183\" src=\"https:\/\/allalignedhealing.com\/unisapsych\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/image-9.jpeg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1873 size-full\"\/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"15-mandrax-buttons\">Mandrax (buttons)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Methaqualone<\/li><li>Central nervous system depressant<\/li><li>relaxation &amp; euphoria, salivation followed by feeling weak, stomach pains, vomiting<\/li><li>cheap, but you need more and more <\/li><li>epilepsy, emotional problems, insomnia, toxic psychosis<\/li><\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text alignwide is-stacked-on-mobile\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com\/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSwVXEWG6R-Y1AFuPas_rXw4oL-xK8CnjfG5g&amp;usqp=CAU\" alt=\"What Happens to Your Brain and Body on Ecstasy\"\/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"16-ecstacy-mdma\">Ecstacy &#8211; MDMA<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>rave drug for all night dancing<\/li><li>mild euphoria, hallucinations, prosocial feelings, with rebound depression<\/li><li>rare risk of dehydration\/overhydration and death<\/li><li>long term risks of brain damage, kidney failure, psychosis, convulsions<\/li><\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text alignwide is-stacked-on-mobile\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com\/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTT0T_Uc-WWXJRa0j9wqYaoN190vWZPCZRjpQ&amp;usqp=CAU\" alt=\"The Top 10 Worst Meth Transformations - Addiction Center\"\/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"17-tik-methamphetamine\">Tik -methamphetamine<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>stimulant giving feelings of confidence, power, sexuality<\/li><li>memory loss, weight loss, dental and skin problems, stroke<\/li><li>specifically high co-morbidity with anti-social personality disorder (not in exam)<\/li><\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text alignwide is-stacked-on-mobile\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com\/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcRvz5KIRVOfIaFCre7QIXBi2vM9Spjriyop-Q&amp;usqp=CAU\" alt=\"South African townships' addictive drug cocktail - BBC News\"\/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"18-nyaope\">Nyaope<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>South African street drug cocktail: unpredictable mix of heroin, dagga, mandrax, antiretroviral drugs, etc, so highly addictive and cheap<\/li><li>swallowed, smoked or injected<\/li><li>Extremely high risk of injury or death<\/li><\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"UNISA PYC3702 Unit 8 Substance-use Disorders\" width=\"750\" height=\"422\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/AsqaqOx7uQY?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n<div style=\"display:flex; gap:10px;justify-content:center\" class=\"wps-pgfw-pdf-generate-icon__wrapper-frontend\">\n\t\t<a  href=\"https:\/\/allalignedhealing.com\/unisapsych\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1833?action=genpdf&amp;id=1833\" class=\"pgfw-single-pdf-download-button\" ><img src=\"https:\/\/allalignedhealing.com\/unisapsych\/wp-content\/plugins\/pdf-generator-for-wp\/admin\/src\/images\/PDF_Tray.svg\" title=\"Generate PDF\" style=\"width:auto; height:50px;\"><\/a>\n\t\t<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>DSM-5 Criteria for a substance-use disorder At least 2 of the following over 12 months causing significant impairment\/distress: Using more&hellip; <a class=\"more-link\" href=\"https:\/\/allalignedhealing.com\/unisapsych\/pyc3702-ch-8-substance-use-disorders\/\">Continue reading <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">PYC3702 Ch 8 Substance-use Disorders<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_jetpack_hide_featured_image":false,"_jetpack_featured_image_duplicate_dismissed":0,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-1833","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry","entry"],"featured_image_src":null,"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.8 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>PYC3702 Ch 8 Substance-use Disorders - Unisa Psych<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/allalignedhealing.com\/unisapsych\/pyc3702-ch-8-substance-use-disorders\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"PYC3702 Ch 8 Substance-use Disorders - Unisa Psych\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"DSM-5 Criteria for a substance-use disorder At least 2 of the following over 12 months causing significant impairment\/distress: Using more&hellip; 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