Free PYC2605 exam practice

Using this Free Study Guide

Psychological research show that you retain information better if you first try to grasp for the answer in your mind and then receive the information you need to get it right. This free PYC2605 exam practice is all about focussing on the question, and only then learning the answers.

So think about the question before looking for the answer.

If you have the stamina, please then use your textbook, Google, and your study guide to identify the correct answer before clicking on the answer.

Please note I do not know the correct answers according to UNISA, but these answers are mainly correct. So if we get different answers, please research carefully and decide for yourself. 

The HIV Aids course is very good, so they tend to ask similar questions because this helps you learn the key parts of the course. So once we have practised with enough MCQ’s you should have some good knowledge under your belt for the exams and your future career. 

Let’s turn learning into a game and have fun!

Free PYC2605 exam practice: Q1 – 5

QUESTION 1

Which HI virus type is predominant in Southern Africa?

(1)  HIV 1 Subtype B

(2)  HIV 1 Subtype C

(3)  HIV 2 Subtype B and C in combination

(4)  HIV 2 Subtype C

QUESTION 2

Which of the following features describe the HI virus?

(a) It is a retrovirus

(b) It is a very small organism

(c) It is roughly circular in shape

(d) It can only be seen with a strong magnifying glass

The correct answer is:

(1)  (a)

(2)  (b) and (c)

(3)  (a) (b) and (c)

(4)  (a) (b) (c) and (d)

QUESTION 3

There are various biological, epidemiological and socioeconomic factors that influence the spread of HIV infection. Women are biologically more vulnerable to HIV infection than men, because women ___.

(1) living in traditional African societies are usually forced to comply with cultural practices, such as living with their in-laws and subjecting themselves to the practice of widow cleansing

(2) are exposed to semen for a longer time during sex than men are to vaginal

fluids, and semen contains higher concentrations of HIV than do vaginal fluids

(3)  living in poor and deprived conditions are often forced to become sex workers in order to keep themselves and their children alive

(4)  often have more sexual partners than men

QUESTION 4

With the definition of ‘HIV-exposed’ in mind, which one of the following examples explains the definition or concept the best?

(1) Nozuko was exposed to the blood of her mother at birth, and it is certain that she will be HIV infected.

(2) Tony was born to an HIV infected mother, but an HIV test has to be done before it is certain if he is HIV positive or negative.

(3)  Amalia was born to an HIV infected mother who also breastfed her, and therefore her exposure to HIV is very high.

(4)  Peter was exposed to the blood of his mother during birth, but his mother was already on ARVs during her pregnancy. He was therefore not exposed to HIV.

QUESTION 5

Universal precautions are based on ___.

(1)  a patient’s physical appearance

(2)  contact with HIV infected individuals

(3)  a positive diagnosis of HIV infection or Aids

(4)  risk of exposure to body fluids that might contain the HI virus

Free PYC2605 exam practice: Q6 – 10

QUESTION 6

Complete the following sentence: The HIV viral load is usually (a) ___ during the primary phase of HIV infection. This is due to (b) ___.

(1)  (a) high; (b) very rapid multiplication and replication of the virus after infection

(2)  (a) moderate; (b) the development of a steady viral state (previously called ‘set point’).

(3)  (a) undetectable; (b) the fact that the person is still in the window period and thediagnostic tests are not sensitive enough to pick up the low viral levels

(4)  (a) low; (b) the remarkable capacity of the body’s immune system to be able to resist, even temporarily, the immense viral onslaught in this phase of the infection

QUESTION 7

Drug-resistant TB is a big problem in Africa and it is of great concern to health authorities. What is meant by the concept drug-resistant TB?

(1)  Drug resistant TB means that the TB drugs developed ways to resist the TB bacillus (or germ), mainly because patients do not take their medications as prescribed.

(2)  Drug resistant TB usually occurs in patients who are co-infected with HIV, because the interaction between the TB drugs and the ARVs makes the TB drugs less effective and more resistant.

(3)  When a patient develops drug resistant TB, it means that the patient has developed resistance to most of the available TB drugs and that these drugs are no longer effective against TB.

(4) It means that the patient is infected with a strain of the TB bacillus that is resistant to most of the available TB drugs, meaning that these drugs are no longer effective against TB.

QUESTION 8

HIV testing is carried out for the following reason/s ___. 

(1) to test the specificity of a test

(2) to screen donated blood, to diagnose HIV infection and to monitor responses to antiretroviral therapy

(3)  to test the sensitivity of a test

(4)  All the above is correct

QUESTION 9

The dried blood spot (DBS) test is a convenient way to test HIV infection in young babies because it is ___.

(1) painless

(2)  based on HIV antibodies

(3)  inexpensive and easy to use

(4)  All of the above

QUESTION 10

The first antiretroviral drug, AZT, was approved for use in ___.

(1) 1983 

(2) 1985 

(3) 1987 

(4) 1994

Free PYC2605 Exam practice: Q11 – 15

QUESTION 11

Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (or IRIS) is _____.

(1)  treated by stopping NNRTIs and continuing NRTIs

(2)  characterised by diarrhoea, dizziness, mild nausea and vomiting due to ARVs

(3) a side-effect of antiretroviral therapy in patients with a CD4+T cell count of <100cells/mm3

(4) when the immune system begins to recover due to ARVs, but instead of getting better, the patient initially gets sicker.

QUESTION 12

Under ideal conditions, how does anti-retroviral medication work to prevent HIV infection after rape?

(1)  ART kills all the viruses before they can enter the body.

(2)  ART kills all the CD4+T cells in the vicinity of the HI viruses before the viruses have a chance to attack the CD4+T cells.

(3)  ART ‘seals’ the entry point of injury and prevents viruses getting past the first line of defence, namely the skin or mucose membranes.

(4) ART interferes with the replication mechanisms of HIV and prevents the virus

from attacking the CD4+T cells and thus from reproducing.

QUESTION 13

According to the theory of gender and power which structural intervention could reduce the HIV risk of disempowered women?

(1)  Teaching these women the negative effects HIV infection could have on their lives.

(2)  Promote the decision-making power of women above men in relationships.

(3)  Advising disempowered women on how to manage their relationships.

(4)  Enforcing legal policies prohibiting violence against women.

QUESTION 14

You were asked by the Department of Health to facilitate a workshop for sex workers. To be a successful facilitator, which one of the following points will you have to bear in mind?

(1) Remember that people have the right to differ and disagree, but with Aids as a serious and clear-cut issue the participants should all agree with your conclusions in the end.

(2) The equal participation of all the sex workers is important, and silent participants should be encouraged to participate without ‘putting them on the spot’ or shaming them.

(3)  If somebody asks you a difficult question, do not admit that you do not know the answer. The sex workers will lose confidence in you as an Aids expert. Rather give a vague answer.

(4)  Sex workers have a serious problem due to their work and there is no time to waste with group participation. The facilitator should follow a lecture style and give them as much information as possible.

QUESTION 15

If sexual behaviours can be placed on a continuum from no-risk to high-risk behaviours, oral sex constitutes ___ .

(1)  very high risk unless a condom or latex barrier is used

(2)  no risk; there is no proof that oral sex causes HIV infection

(3) low risk, if a condom is used or if a latex barrier, such as a spliced-open condom, is used to cover the genitalia

(4) no risk, if only pre-seminal fluids are allowed into the partner’s mouth, because pre- seminal fluids do not contain the HI virus

Free: PYC2605 Exam practice 2019 questions 1 – 5 out of 70

QUESTION 1

Aids was first reported in South Africa in (a)      when it was diagnosed (b)

1. (a) 1983 (b) in homosexual men
2. (a) 1983 (b) in heterosexual people
3. (a) 1985 (b) when the first HIV antibody tests became available
4. (a) 1981 (b) when haemophiliacs and blood transfusion patients started showing symptoms

QUESTION 2

How would you explain to a client what is meant by the term immunodeficiency

1. The HI virus is deficient because it is a retrovirus

2. Your immune system is so deficient that it can only produce new viruses

3. The HI virus in your body is immune to any deficiencies caused by the syndrome

4. Your immune system can no longer protect your body against infections from outside

QUESTION 3

The immune system consists of two parts the innate immune response and the acquired immune response The innate immune response          

1. is able to adapt to special circumstances

2. is inherited from our parents and is is very specific

3. is evolutionary a very old immune system and nearly all living things (plants and animals) have one

4. is an adaptive immune response, which means that it is specifically designed to attack specific pathogens

QUESTION 4

Which cells in the immune system are responsible for the memory (or databank) of all previously known antigens of pathogens?

a. Plasma B cells

b. Memory B cells

c. Memory T lymphocytes

The correct answer is

(1)              (a)

(2)              (b)

(3) (b) and (c)

(4)              (a), (b) and (c)

QUESTION 5

We get new flu vaccines every year Why is it so difficult to develop a vaccine for HIV?

1) The flu virus mutates relatively slowly, while HIV mutates too quickly

2) Flu vaccines do not really help because people still get sick and HIV vaccines will also not be effective

3) Flu Vaccines are relatively easy and cheap to develop while it ‹s very expensive to develop a vaccine for HIV

4) The flu virus is a very old virus which is in the human population for thousands of years, while HIVis a relatively new virus

Free: PYC2605 exam practice 6 – 10 out of 70

QUESTION 6

There are various biological, epidemiological and other factors that contribute to or influence the spread of HIV infection Which of the following factors contribute to the spread of HIV infection in Africa?

a) Socio-economic conditions

b) High prevalence of tuberculosis

c) Gender, age and cultural conditions

d) Other sexually transmitted infections

The correct answer is

(1)              (a), (b) and (c)

(2)              (a), (b) and (d)

(3)              (a), (c) and (d)

(4)              (b), (c) and (d)

QUESTION 7

Martin is a young medical student who accidentally sustained a needle-stick injury while administering an intravenous injection to an HIV positive patient. Martin was HIV negative before the needle-stick injury. What advice would you give him in terms of the risk ofcontracting HIV through sharp instruments?

1) His risk of actually contracting the virus is so small (approximately 0,3%) that he can just ignorethe accident

2) His risk is very high and he should immediately start with antiretroviral medication, which  shouldbe taken for three months

3) He should go for HIV testing immediately and after three months and, if he tests HIV positive,after three months he should start with antiretroviral medication

4) Although his chance of contracting HIV is small (approximately 0,3%), it is still advisable that he immediately start taking antiretroviral medication as prophylaxis

QUESTION 8

Research has established without any doubt that for 6 months is the optimal feeding type for all babies, irrespective of their HIV status

1) mixed feeding

2) formula feeding

3) exclusive breastfeeding

4) breastfeeding with no solids, but with water and juice

QUESTION 8

Interventions to prevent HIV infection can broadly be classified into three main categories, namely behavioural, biomedical and structural interventions An example of a biomedical intervention that is currently used is 

1) vaccines

2) abstinence

3) medical laws

4) male circumcision

QUESTION 10

In 1985, the Centres for Disease Control (or CDC) in the USA developed universal precautions that should be applied in all health care settings What is meant by universal precautions?

1) It was a statement by the CDC which declared all body fluids as contagious for HIV.

2) It is a strategy on how to handle blood and other body fluids to prevent the transmission ofHIV in health care settings.

3) It is a universal or global Act (or law) proclaimed by the CDC, that health care professionalshould wear protective clothing when they handle body fluids

4) It is a set of rules whereby health care professionals should protect themselves and their patients by taking precautions when they care for known HIV positive patients

Free PYC2605 exam Practice 11 – 15 out of 70

QUESTION 11

The health status of the immune system of an HIV infected person can be more accurately predicted by 

1) measuring the viral load in the person’s blood. The lower the viral count, the sicker the person will be

2) the patient’s adherence to the prescribed drug regime as well as how well the patient takes care or him-/herself in terms of diet and exercise

3) doing a CD4+T cell count. The lower the CD4+T cell count, the sicker the person will be and thehigher the possibility of opportunistic infections

4) counting the number of opportunistic infections the person had over the last four weeks. More opportunistic infections are an indication of an inadequately functioning immune system

QUESTION 12

in Clinical Stage 4 (severe symptoms), HIV-infected people present with the following symptoms

a) Shingles which is also called herpes zoster infection

b) Unexplained chronic diarrhoea that persists for more than one month

c) Severe, unexplained weight loss of more than 10% of their body weight

d) Moderate, unexplained weight loss of less than 10% of their body weight

e) Extrapulmonary or disseminated tuberculosis (or TB that occurs outside of the lungs).

f)              HIV wasting syndrome with unexplained weight loss with a body mass index of lower than 18.5

The correct answer is

1) (a) and (d)

2) (b) and (c)

3) (e) and (f}

(4)              (a), (d) and (e)

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QUESTION 13

The main cause of death in people with HIV infection is opportunist co- infections. There are three main ways to prevent opportunistic infections namely

1) ARVs, condoms and circumcision

2) Co-tnmoxazole prophylaxis, Isoniazid and AZT

3) biomedical, behavioural and structural prevention

4) preventing exposure, chemoprophylaxis, and immunisation

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QUESTION 14

Drug-resistant TB is a big problem in Africa and it is of great concern to health authoritiesWhat is meant by the concept drug-resistant TB?

1) When a patient developed drug resistant TB, It means that the patient is infected with a strainof the TB bacillus that is resistant to most of the available TB drugs, meaning that thesedrugs are no longer effective against TB

2) Drug resistant TB usually occurs in patients who are co-infected with HIV, because theinteraction between the TB drugs and the ARVs makes the TB drugs less effective and more resistant

3) When a patient develops drug resistant TB, a means that the patient has developed resistance to most of the available TB drugs and that these drugs are no longer effective against TB.

4) Drug resistant TB means that the TB drugs developed ways to resist the TB bacillus (or germ),mainly because patients do not take their medications as prescribed.

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QUESTION 15

Health workers in Africa often find the syndromic management approach for STI treatment in Africa more practical than the diagnostic management approach The following are some of the disadvantages of the diagnostic management approach in resource-poor settings in Africa

a) Patients with asymptomatic STI infections do not get treated at all

b) Over-treating patients, who may receive more drugs than they actually need

c) Laboratories with sophisticated techniques and facilities need to be acquired to diagnose the specific STI

d) STls often go untreated because it is often not possible for patients who reside far from clinics to return for test results and treatment at a later stage

The correct answer is

1) (a) and (c)

2) (a) and (b)

3) (c) and (d)

4) (b), (c) and (d)

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Free PYC2605 exam Practice 16-20 out of 70

QUESTION 16

The two factors that determine the accuracy of a blood test are sensitivity and specificity The sensitivity of an HIV antibody test refers to its ability to

a) pick up very low levels of antibodies.

b) detect HIV positivity and not give false negative results

c) demonstrate HIV negativity and not give false positive results

d) distinguish specific antibodies from other cross-reacting, non-specific antibodies

The correct answer is

1) (a) and (b)

2) (a) and (d)

3) (b) and (c)

4) (c) and (d)

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QUESTION 17

Why should an HIV-antibody positive test result always be confirmed with a second confirmatory test?

1) Because HIV-antibody tests are not very reliable

2) To exclude the occurrence of a false positive result

3) To exclude the occurrence of a false negative result.

4) Laboratories could make mistakes or mislabel the blood

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QUESTION 18

The      HIV antibody test is the easiest to use, painless and less intrusive than other tests

1) P24 Dried Blood Spot

2) Oral Quick saliva rapid test

3) Fourth generation ELISA test

4) Rapid HIV diagnostic home-kit test

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QUESTION 19

The dried blood spot (DBS) test is used to test HIV infection in young babies The test reacts to in the baby’s blood

1. P24 antigens
2. proviral DNA
3. the whole HI virus
4. antibodies that form in reaction to the HI virus

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QUESTION 20

In order to manage HIV infection, it is important for the clinician to monitor the individual’s CD4+T cell lymphocyte count, as well as the viral load in his or her blood, on an ongoing basis A viral load test (RNA PCR) is important to 

a) prevent anti-retroviral resistance

b) assess the seventy of the HIV infection

c) prevent or treat opportunistic infections

d) measure the client‘s response to anti-retroviral medication

The correct answer is

1) (a) and (b)

2) (a) and (c)

3) (a) and (d)

(b) and (d)

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Free PYC2605 exam Practice 21 – 25 out of 70

QUESTION 21

Antiretroviral therapy has four primary goals, namely a virological goal, an immunologicalgoal, a therapeutic goal and an epidemiological goal The therapeutic goal is to          

1) reduce the HIV viral load as much as possible

2) improve the quality of the HIV positive person’s life

3) improve immune functioning, reduce opportunistic infections and delay the onset of Aids

4) reduce HIV-related sickness and death and to reduce the impact of HIV transmission in the community

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QUESTION 22

In developing countries health systems often lack sophisticated workers to cope with the relative complexity of HIV treatment, and therefore the World Health Organization advocates a/an        approach to simplify treatment.

1) generalised drug regime

2) standardised drug regime

3) individualised drug regime

4) triple therapy (or HAART} drug regime

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QUESTION 23

There are many reasons why people do not adhere to their antiretroviral medication. Treatment fatigue, forgetfulness, alcohol abuse and bad planning and running out of ARVs are examples of _____ barriers or problems.

1) practical problems

2) work-related problems

3) medication-related issues

4) person-centered or psycho-social barriers

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QUESTION 24

How do antiretroviral drugs work to prevent mother-to-child transmission of HIV?

1) ARVs are cheap, easy to administer and very effective to present mother-to-child transmission ofHIV

2) ARVs work by giving the mother a single dose of medicine at the onset of labour with three- hourlyboosts of ARVs until delivery

3) ARVs lower the HI viral concentration in the blood of the baby which lowers the baby’s chances ofbecoming infected during the birth process

4) ARVs lower the HI viral concentration in the blood of the mother which lowers the baby’s chancesof becoming infected during the birth process

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QUESTION 25

Which one of the following people is in the preparation phase of behaviour change according tothe Trans-theoretical Model?

1) Maboe knows about the dangers of Aids. but he believes that it will never happen to him

2) Lebo is considering the advantages and the disadvantages of using condoms, but she is not sure yet if it is worth the trouble to use condoms

3) Puleng has decided to use condoms every time she has sex She is very proud of herself because she consistently used condoms now for the past six months.

4) John is seriously thinking of changing his behaviour and to be faithful to his girlfriend.  He  even said no to sex with random women on a couple of occasions now

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Free PYC2605 exam Practice

26 – 30 out of 70

QUESTION 26

Structural and environmental theories of behaviour change see human behaviour as a function of

1) political campaigns and mass communication

2) the individual; his/her social networks and the wider communal, political and economic  environment

3) communication of an innovation through certain channels over a period of time to members of a social system

4) advocacy, organisational change, policy development, economic change and support, environmental change, and multi-method programmes

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QUESTION 27

A negative attitude to members of a group, based solely on their membership of that group, is

1) prejudice

2) a stereotype

3) discrimination

4) a misconception

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QUESTION 28

According to your prescribed book, which one or more of the following HIV and Aids group facilitators has/have the qualities of a good and successful facilitator?

1) Jane helps her group to discover how much they already know, and build upon their experiences by involving them in their own learning

2) May found that participants often remember the wrong answers that group members gave, and therefore prefers to give the group all the necessary information and only then allow them to ask questions

3) Apûl remains as objective as possible. but when it comes to negative attitudes towards people with Aids, she imposes her opinions on the participants to guide them towards agreeing with her that negative attitudes are harmful

4) All three of the facilitators are good because each one has something to contribute to the learning process.

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QUESTION 29

By using latex condoms people can protect themselves from HIV infection. Which of the following practices, however, make the usage of the male condom more risky?

a) Unrolling the condom only halfway down the penis

b) The usage of water-based lubricants with latex condoms

c) The usage of oil-based lubricants such as Vaseline with the condom

d) Not squeezing out the air in the nipple of the condom when putting on the condom

The correct answer is

1) (1)         (b)

2) (2)         (c)

3) (c) and (d)

4) (a), (c) and (d)

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QUESTION 30

Which one or more of the following statements about the risk of anilingus or oral-anal sex is/are true?

1. a)  Anilingus carries a very high risk of HIV infection.
2. b)  Anilingus carries a high risk of infection from all sorts of parasites
3. c)  Anilingus does not carry a high risk of HIV infection unless there is blood present
4. d)  Anilingus carries a very high risk of infection with the hepatitis-B and the herpes simplex viruses

The correct answer is

1) (a) and (b)

2) (c) and (d)

3) (a), (b) and (d)

(4) (b), (c) and (d)

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Free PYC2605 exam Practice

Question 31 -35 out of 70

QUESTION 31

It is very important for Aids counsellors to know the terminology of sex practices practised bytheir clients If your client has oral-penile contact or oral sex performed on a male partner, itis called

1) Féllatio

2) anilingus

3) femilingus

4) cunnilingus

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QUESTION 32

Sponk (2014) indicated that sex, within the African context, is regarded as an important aspect of

1) reproduction

2) self-expression

3) cultural practices

4) sexually and manhood

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QUESTION 33

The collective existence of traditional Africans should be kept in mind by Aids educators when they work in Africa What is meant by the concept ‘collective existence’?

1) Collective existence is based on principles such as the interest of the group, independence and individualism

2) Collective existence is based on the unity of the person with his or her community, with the emphasis on the self

3) Collective existence is based on values such as the interests of the group, survival of the community and total control and power over nature

4) Collective existence is based on the notion that the traditional African cannot exist alone and that his or her identity is totally embedded in the community or tribe

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QUESTION 34

Cultural beliefs and customs should be respected by Aids educators who work in Africa The following cultural practices practised by some traditional Africans are, however, dangerous and should be changed

a) dry sex

b) prostitution

c) widow cleansing

d) swallowing semen

e) offerings to ancestors

1) (a) and (c)

2) (a) and (e)

3) (b) and (d)

4) (c) and (d)

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QUESTION 35

Counselling is a structured conversation aimed at facilitating a client’s quality of life in the face of adversity. This definition means that 

1) the client has problems and the counsellor, as the expert, gives him or her advice on what to do to overcome these problems

2) the counsellor must allow the client to tell his or her story so that the counsellor can develop  a plan of action to help the client face his or her adversities

3) the counselling sessions must be structured in such a way that the client experiences it as a social conversation and feels comfortable discussing problems with the counsellor

4) the counsellor facilitates the process of change by helping the client to review his or her  problems and to make his or her own choices on how to solve these problems

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36 – 40 out of 70

QUESTION 36

Mana is a counsellor who works in a clinic for sex workers She is always honest with her clients, and she is never condescending and patronising towards them. According to Rogers’theory, Mana 

1) shows her clients conditional positive regard

2) is genuine and congruent in her relationship with her clients

3) is always ’there for her clients’ and will always take their side

4) acknowledges and honours her clients’ individual sexual diversity and does not challenge their choices

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QUESTION 37

The question “How do I make all this happen?” is a (a) question the (b) needs to ask to assist the client (c)

1) (a) respectful (b) counsellor (c) in a way he/she is most comfortable with

2) (a) counselling (b) therapist (c) with effectively addressing his/her issues

3) (a) fundamental, (b) client, (c) to move from the planning to the action mode

4) (a) intervention (b) programme developer (c) in reaching the target audience

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QUESTION 38

The counselling process usually consists of four phases defining the relationship, obtaining information, describing the problem and making interventions. Which one of the following statements in relation to this view is correct?

1) The order of the four phases will differ, depending on the model the counsellor uses

2) in each interview or counselling session with a client, all four of these phases will feature

3) The framework provided by these four phases should be strictly adhered to by the counsellor

4) Each of the four phases is separate from the others, and there is no overlapping between them

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QUESTION 39

During one of their counselling sessions, the counsellor responded as follows. “All your relationships seem to end abruptly and you feel like a failure” The counsellor used the basic communication skill of

1) immediacy

2) self-disclosure

3) advanced empathy

4) reflective commenting

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QUESTION 40

When you counsel someone who has a different view of the world from yours, it is very important to 

1) show respect for your client’s ideas

2) make sure that the client understood your values

3) allow the client to see the world through your eyes.

ensure that you and your client end up having the same views or ideas

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questions 41 – 45 out of 70

QUESTION 41

The following cultural differences should be kept in mind in cross-cultural counselling in Africa

1) Most African cultures find it disrespectful if the counsellor does not make eye contact with them

2) The directive, advice-giving approach should not be used in traditional African counselling contexts

3) Clients should be prepared to make decisions in the counselling session without discussing  it with their family first

4) Group-orientated cultures often find it difficult to talk about personal feelings or emotions, and may regard it as a symptom of individualism

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QUESTION 42

Pre-HIV test counselling is compulsory in South Africa. What do you say to a client who says the following to you ‘I don’t want to be counselled. Just do the test and get it over with. ‘

1) I will test you, but please sign this form to indicate your aggression and your refusal to be counselled. Please roll up your sleeve so that I can draw the blood

2) I sense that you have reservations about counselling. Did you have a bad counselling experience in the past? Can we perhaps talk about it for a while before I do the test?

3) The law of the land is above all and unfortunately I may not test you without counselling you first. I promise I will do my job as well as possible, but you will have to bear with me.

4) I understand your hesitation, but I can get into serious trouble if I test you without pre-test counselling. Please make my job easier. Otherwise I will have to refuse to test you and I really don’t want to do that!

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QUESTION 43

When the counsellor at the clinic advised Nomsa to be tested for HIV, Nomsa asked her why it is so important to know one’s HIV status What do you think the counsellor said that convinced Nomsa to be tested?

1) If we know your status, we can start treating you with anti-retroviral medications to stop the infection.

2) If we want to de-stigmatise Aids in Africa, it is important for everybody to know and disclose their HIV status.

3) It is important to know your HIV status because this will determine your future plans. For example, not looking for a new job if you know you are HIV positive

4) If you know that you are HIV positive, it is easier to confirm and treat symptoms, we can try to prevent opportunistic diseases, and we can get you onto an ART programme when necessary.

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QUESTION 44

Maria’s HIV test results turned out to be positive. She felt a sense of relief when the counsellor shared the news with her during a post-test counselling session Which one of the following statements best explains Maria’s reaction?

1) Maria’s reaction is not unusual for a person suffering from post-traumatic stress syndrome

2) Maria’s reaction is very abnormal – no one has ever reacted this way to an HIV positive test result.

3) Mana’s reaction is abnormal and she is definitely in denial and not ready to accept her HIV positivestatus

4) Maria is displaying quite a normal reaction to her test results – perhaps this puts into perspective some of the unexplained symptoms that she often gets

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QUESTION 45

Sarah do not show emotional problems after she has worked through the initial shock of being HIV positive. She does though require help to resolve social problems that prevent her from coping effectively. Which approach to counselling will be most effective for her?

1) A casework approach

2) A counselling approach

3) A minor intervention approach

4) A psycho-educational approach.

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Questions 46 – 50 out of 70

QUESTION 46

Which of the following statements about the impact of HIV infection on affected significant others are correct?

1) Affected others experience significantly different psychological feelings compared with their HIV positive loved ones

2) Affected others often feel unable to cope with the new demands that the infection places on them,and are often felt feeling incompetent, unqualified and powerless.

3) The affected others’ experience of issues such as loss and bereavement coincide with the experience of the infected person, making it possible for the HIV infected person to deal with these issues

4) Affected others may experience fear and anxiety about their own risk of infection as a function of their relationship with the HIV infected person, and this may place a significant strain on the relationship

The correct answer is

(1)              (a) & (c)

(2)              (b) & (c)

(3)              (b) & (d)

(4)              (c) & (d)

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QUESTION 47

Which of the following statements about stress research is true?

1) Self-efficacy was associated with a slower deterioration of the immune system in HIV- infected individuals

2) Chronic stress was found to create greater susceptibility to many diseases such as flu, dermatitis and the recurrence of herpes symptoms

3) Looking after a partner with dementia, especially without social support, as well as the loss of a partner, significantly weakened the immune system of the affected other

4) Research has found that psychological factors such as emotional inhibition, a negative self-concept and a lack of social support, did not contribute to a more rapid disease progression

The correct answer is.

(1)              (a), (b) and (c)

(2)              (a), (b) and (d)

(3)              (a), (c) and (d)

(4)              (b), (c) and (d)

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QUESTION 48

According to Egan, the same counselling principles that apply to individuals also apply to the family or systems approach – with the family as client In order to establish the family’s preferred scenario, the counsellor should help the family to 

1) identify what they as a family need to do

2) identify problems, concerns and issues about the virus in their system

3) verbalise what they as a family want or need within the limits imposed by the virus

4) implement strategies that will enable the family to live more effectively with the problems created by the virus

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QUESTION 49

Positive living is an extremely powerful morale booster for an HIV positive person. Which of the following tips can be considered as helpful for you as counsellor to share with your client?

1) Accept change

2) Rediscover your enjoyment of sex

3) Join a support group and keep contact with friends and family

4) Eat junk foods whenever you can to safe time for better things than preparing food

5) Manage your life better by organising your time and by setting yourself realistic goals.

The correct answer is

(1)              (a) and (b)

{2)              (e) and (d)

(3)              (a), (c) and (e)

(4)              (a), (b), (c) and (e)

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QUESTION 50

Thabita is HIV positive and struggle with oral thrush During your ongoing counsellingsession, you talk about her diet. Which food should she avoid?

1) Fatty foods

2) Milk and yogurt

3) Sugar and sweets

4) Tropical fruits like pawpaw and bananas

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Questions 51 – 55 out of 70

QUESTION 51

According to attachment theory, bereavement follows naturally when a loss to an attached person or object is suffered Significant losses       

1) In current times refer to the loss of wealth and status

2) include only humans, animals and material possessions

3) include objects such as humans and pets, but not possessions

4) can include animate and inanimate objects as well as abstract possessions

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QUESTION 52

Which one of the following people whose spouses have died is involved in the bereavement task of reinvesting emotional energy?

1) John opens himself up to new experiences by getting involved in new friendships and relationships

2) Mabel does not have time to socialise with her friends, preferring to focus all her energy on thinking about her loss

3) Peter is denying himself the opportunity of experiencing the pain of his loss by using every spare minute to watch old movies

4) Susan is trying very hard not to think about her deceased husband and, although she loved him very much, she tries to forget him

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QUESTION 53

The young child between 6 and 9 years can          

1) see death as universal and personal

2) not grasp the irreversibility of death

3) grasp the irreversibility of death, but not the universal and personal aspects of death

4) not yet emotionally handle death and should therefore, as far as possible, be excluded from burial and mourning rites

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QUESTION 54

Trudy is a nurse with a very heavy workload. Which of the following may be an indication that Trudy is experiencing burnout?

a) Trudy is always late for work and she neglects her duties

b) Trudy shows an increased commitment towards her work

c) Trudy experiences a loss of sensitivity in dealing with her patients

d) Trudy shows a tendency to spend more and more time with her patients.

The correct answer is

1) (a) and (b)

2) (a) and (c)

3) (b) and (d)

4) (c) and (d)

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QUESTION 55

Which one of the following steps may help Jade to manage her stress and burnout? She should

1) learn how to draw firm boundaries between herself and her clients so that she can remain unaffected should one of them die

2) learn to trust and accept the knowledge she already has, rather than further pressure herself to attend the additional refresher and training courses

3) start a support group with other nurses and counsellors at her hospital, to create a space in which they can share their concerns, problems and fears

(4) re-evaluate her belief in her own abilities and strive to achieve her performance goals, rather than to view them as too high and lowering her standards

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Questions 56 – 60 out of 70

QUESTION 56

Occupational stress and burnout are serious issues in the health care professions Employersand organisations should offer their employees professional supervision and mentoring to assist them to cope with their work. There are, however. important differences between the terms ’mentoring’ and ’supervision’ A good mentor should 

a) evaluate the quality of the work of the caregiver on a regular basis.

b) be involved in a supportive and equal relationship with the caregiver.

c) help caregivers to re-evaluate their expectations and performance goals

d) be in a hierarchical managerial position in the organisation where the caregiver works

The correct answer is:

1) (a) and (d)

2) (b) and (c)

3) (a), (b) and (d)

4) (a), (b), (c) and (d)

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QUESTION 57

According to the HIV and Aids Charter          

1) no employer may require a job applicant to undertake an HIV test as a prerequisite for employment

2) HIV positive people may be segregated in prisons and hospitals to protect the health of other inmates and patients

3) insurance companies have the right to refuse insurance to any person who is HIV positive toprotect their own assets

4) HIV positive people have the responsibility to practice safe sex, but they may not insist that theirsexual partners take appropriate precautionary measures to prevent HIV infection

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QUESTION 58

What does the South African law say about virginity testing?

1) Unfortunately, the law does not make provision for virginity testing

2) The child’s parent must give consent for virginity testing to be done

3) A child who is older than 16 years must give written and signed consent to undergo a virginity test

4) Virginity testing is a cultural issue and recommendations can only be made on how to do  virginity testing safely

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QUESTION 59

A girl aged      may request an abortion without parental consent

1) 12 years and older

2) 14 years and older

3) 18 years and older

4) any age

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QUESTION 60

Which of the following tasks forms part of an integrated Aids strategy for the workplace?

1) Develop and implement an HIV and Aids policy

2) Establish a representative HIV and Aids management team

3) Assess the risk and impact of HIV on the specific workplace

4) All of the above

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Questions 61 – 65 out of 70

SECTION B: GUIDANCE TRACK

QUESTION 61

Your school principal wants to implement a new HIV and Aids and life skills educational programme. What requirements and standards does the principal have to comply with in order for the programme to be successful?

1) Aids education should be presented as part of religious instruction

2) Aids education should preferably be presented in a special HIV and Aids period

3) Aids information should preferably be integrated into the existing school curriculum

4) Aids education should preferably be presented by an outsider from the HIV community

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QUESTION 62

Which one or more of the following statements is/are true in terms of the sexuality development of children age 5 to 7 years in the middle childhood years 2

a) Their sex role identities are usually formed

b) They are able to identify with their own bodies

c) They are aware of their sexual feelings and desires

The correct answer is.

1)  (c)

2) (b)

3) (b) and (c)

4) (a) and (b)

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QUESTION 63

Teachers who work with children in the foundation school phase (Grade 1 to Grade 3) should include the following aspects in their HIV and Aids life skills programmes

a) Instil a healthy fear for Aids in children by warning them that Aids can also kill little children if theyare not obedient to their parents and teachers

b) Explain the symptoms of Aids to the children because the chances are good that they will come into contact with it in their communities

c) Explain the dangers of drug abuse to the children, for example, warn them not to take too much cough mixture or pain pills

d) Encourage the children to feel positive about their own bodies and reassure them that it is  natural to feel curious about sex

The correct answer is

1) (a) and (b)

2) (a) and (d)

3) (c) and (d)

4) (a) (b), (c) and (d)

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QUESTION 64

How does the young adolescent (grades 7 to 9) perceive illness, HIV and Aids?

a) Young adolescents realise that an illness can result in external as well as internal symptoms.

b) Young adolescents do not understand the concept of a syndrome yet, and they see illness merely as a collection of symptoms

c) Young adolescents understand the causes of illness in more complex ways and they can explain the interaction between multiple causes

d) Young adolescents understand the concept of ‘relative susceptibility’ and they realise that anybody can become infected with HIV under certain circumstances

The correct answer is

1) (a) and (b)

2) (a), (c) and (d)

3) (c) and (d)

4) All of the above

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QUESTION 65

How do young school-age children picture God and religion?

1) They are primarily concerned with internal commitment and the fairness of life.

2) They may picture God in abstract non-human terms and are not overly concerned about death

3) They picture God in human terms and are fascinated by the concepts of heaven and hell because they are very afraid to go to hell

4) They picture God in human terms, mostly as a loving father or mother whom they can trust  and who will never harm them if they do wrong

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Questions 66 – 70 out of 70

SECTION B: GUIDANCE TRACK

QUESTION 66

Is it appropriate for Westernised counsellors to challenge the traditional African beliefs of their clients?

1) No, because traditional beliefs are not harmful

2) No, except if such beliefs are specifically harmful

3) Yes, but it should be done in a non-confrontational way

4) Yes, because traditional beliefs are not compatible with Christianity or the Muslim faith

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QUESTION 67

Coming to terms with death is an important aspect of spiritual counselling with HIV positive people There are, however, two extreme views regarding life after death. They are a) A total denial of life after death, b) Despising earthly life and yearning only for the life hereafter. How do you think a spiritual counsellor should deal with these two extremes?

1) Emphasise the life hereafter, because it will give HIV positive people hope

2) Disregard the life hereafter to a large extent because people need to live their lives to the  fullest

3) Promote a balanced view, emphasising the importance of both this life and the life hereafter  only when the client accepts the existence of a life hereafter

4) Promote a balanced view, emphasising the importance of both this life and the life hereafter, even when the client does not accept the existence of a life hereafter

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QUESTION 68

The Convention on the Rights of the Child is a legal document that sets minimum acceptablestandards for the well-being of all children. Which basic right of a street child is violated when the child cannot go to school, has no health care and does not participate in constructive play with friends?

1) Development

2) Participation

3) Protection

4) Survival

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QUESTION 69

A child’s fundamental need for freedom is deprived due to HIV and Aids when the child         

1. has no understanding of its place in the larger context of spirituality or religion
2. loses its family home and when there is a general decline into a state of physical poverty
3. loses autonomy and control over its destiny and when he or she has no choice regarding home or marital status
4. is deprived from school and when there is a loss of inquisitiveness and connection with the  wider world outside of the immediate culture

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QUESTION 70

Max-Neef identified various types of satisfiers to satisfy human needs Child labour and child armies, which often provide a vocation and an identity to poor children, can be described as a

1) singular satisfier

2) pseudo-satisfier

3) destroyer

4) inhibitor

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Questions 61 – 65 out of 70

SECTION C: CARE TRACK

QUESTION 61

Matt is a volunteer home-based caregiver and one of her patients has a high fever. Although she looks after her patient very well, when would you advise her to seek professional help from a clinic or hospital?

1) If the patient is often thirsty

2) If the patient has chronic HIV infection

3) If the patient also has a cough and weight loss

4) If the patient also complains of peripheral neuropathy

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QUESTION 62

What advice would you give a mother of an HIV positive baby about caring for her baby to keep the child as healthy as possible?

1) If the baby is sick, she should preferably be hospitalised, because a hospital is the best place for sick babies to be

2) Because babies with HIV can get very sick very quickly, the mother must take her baby to the clinic immediately if the baby shows symptoms of dehydration

3) Fever is a danger sign in babies with Aids because fever convulsions and shock can easily develop The mother should therefore bathe her baby in ice cold water when she has a fever

4) The baby should under no circumstances receive the standard vaccinations such as the polio vaccine, because vaccines are prepared from a weak form of the infecting agent, and to immunise an already sick baby may cause these diseases to occur

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QUESTION 63

You have an HIV positive patient whose body-fat is abnormally distributed Abnormalities of body-fat distribution are          

1) caused by circulatory impairment

2) associated with a diet high in sugars

3) a complication of HIV infection and ART

4) general health problems associated with HIV

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QUESTION 64

Palliative care offers support and care when the          

1) patient is in Clinical Stage 4

2) life-threatening illness is diagnosed

3) patient’s immune system becomes weakened

4) child’s condition becomes unbearable for the family

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QUESTION 65

In which one or more of the following situations would you advise a health care worker to adhere to universal blood and body fluid precautions?

a) Mary is dressing the open wound of an HIV positive patient

b) Puleng is a nurse in a Tuberculosis hospital where she handles the sputum of patients who often cough up blood

c) John, a dentist assistant, is cleaning the mouth of a patient after draining an abscess that formed in the patient’s mouth

d) Juan is giving an HIV positive patient with malaria (who has a fever and is sweating profusely) a sponge bath to try and get his temperature down

The correct answer is

1) Mary and Juan, because both their patients are HIV positive

2) Mary, because she is exposed to the blood of an HIV positive person

3) Mary. John and Puleng, because they are exposed to body fluids requiring universal precautions, regardless if the patient is HIV positive or not

4) Juan, because HIV positive patients with malaria are ten times more likely to transmit the HIvirus due to the very high viral load in the blood of HIV positive people with malaria

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Questions 66 – 70 out of 70

Care Track

QUESTION 66

The WHO identified three levels of infection control to prevent the spread of TB and other infections in healthcare settings These include administrative infection control, environmental infection control and personal protection. An example of administrative control is

1) Regular hand washing to prevent transfer of organisms

2) An infection control plan and training of health care workers

3) Natural and mechanical ventilation, like open windows and air conditioning, in hospitals to prevent TB

4) Nurses using masks to prevent TB and wearing protective clothing to prevent HIV when blood-splashes are a possibility

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QUESTION 67

HIV can enter the bloodstream through broken skin How can a health care worker protect her or his skin?

a) Use hand lotion to prevent skin cracking

b) Cover skin lesions on your hands with waterproof dressings

c) Refrain from direct patient care if you have an oozing skin lesion

d) Apply lotion right after washing your hands with an antimicrobial solution.

The correct answer is

1) (a) and (c)

2) (b) and (d)

3)    (a), (b) and (c)

4) (a), (b). (c) and (d)

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QUESTION 68

Community and home based care (CHBC) can be described as comprehensive health and social services offered by primary and community caregivers, supported by a multi -disciplinary team of professionals.  The primary caregivers are 

1) family and friends

2) trained counsellors

3) primary care nurses

4) trained community caregivers

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QUESTION 69

Home-based care is often the best way to look after someone with Aids There are, however, certain potential problems associated with community home-based care, such as the following

a) Patients often feel very isolated when they have to stay at home or in the bed all day

b) Patients often gets tired of being cared for by the same home-based caregivers day-in and day-out

c) Families often don’t want home-based caregivers in their homes due to stigma, ignorance and superstition

d) Many family caregivers are afraid of looking after Aids patients due to a lack of knowledge and fear that they might become infected themselves

The correct answer is

1) (a) and (b)

2) (a) and (c)

3) (a), (c) and (d)

4)    (a), (b), (c) and (d)

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QUESTION 70

Local community volunteers play a very important role in home-based care programmes. Many of the perceived disadvantages of using volunteers can be overcome if the volunteers are 

a) selected from outside the community to assure objectivity

b) recognised as key workers in the programme

c) chosen by members of the community

d) properly trained in basic home care

The correct answer is.

1) (a) and (c)

2) (b) and (d)

3)    (b), (c) and (d)

(a), (b), (c) and (d)

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Wow so you made it this far! 

Congratulations, you have definitely helped yourself prepare for the exams!

Good luck!!!